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2021年,我国城市剩余污泥年产量达6.5×107 t(80%含水率)[1]。剩余污泥作为污水生物处理过程产生的副产物,主要由微生物及其胞外聚合物组成,组分复杂,含有氮、磷、有机质以及重金属、有机污染物和病原微生物[2]。好氧堆肥是实现污泥稳定化、无害化和资源化的关键技术之一[3],污泥经好氧堆肥后可土地利用,但其土地利用具有潜在的环境健康风险。
有研究表明,我国部分城市污水处理厂产生污泥的汞质量分数较高。污泥中的汞主要来自污水处理过程中汞的迁移,因此,污泥的土地利用将增加土壤的汞污染风险[4]。汞的生物毒性与其形态密切相关。其中,甲基汞具有高的神经毒性、亲脂性和生物累积效应[5]。汞的甲基化主要由硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)、铁还原菌(Iron-reduction bacteria,FeRB)和产甲烷菌(Methanogens)等[6]微生物在厌氧环境下以Hg(II)为底物转化为甲基汞。同时,在好氧环境可能发生甲基汞的去甲基化。好氧堆肥由于间歇曝气会导致好氧-缺氧环境的交替形成;而且,污泥中含有大量微生物,可能发生汞的微生物甲基化或甲基汞去甲基化,影响汞的形态及生物毒性。
好氧堆肥主要发生在有机物降解转化为腐殖质的腐熟化过程。溶解性有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)是污泥好氧堆肥过程重要的中间产物,其不仅参与微生物代谢活动,也与重金属形态转化有关。DOM与重金属可以形成较强的络合物[7],从而改变重金属形态。ZHANG等[8]发现,生物炭强化了土壤中DOM的释放,进而加强了好氧堆肥过程Zn和Ni的钝化。王鑫宇等[9]在猪粪好氧堆肥中发现,DOM中胡敏酸的羧基、酚羟基官能团能络合重金属,导致重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd转化为络合态和沉淀态。而汞的甲基化和甲基汞去甲基化主要以微生物过程为主,DOM关系到汞形态转化相关微生物的代谢过程。同时,Hg(0)易于挥发,堆肥过程曝气可能导致汞的散失,影响堆肥后污泥汞、甲基汞的质量分数。因此,污泥好氧堆肥对汞特别是汞的甲基化可能产生明显的影响,进而决定了堆肥后产物汞和甲基汞的质量分数,影响其后续土地利用的环境健康风险。同时,明确好氧堆肥过程汞甲基化或去甲基化行为及其变化规律,将有利于对该过程汞污染的控制提供理论指导。
本研究对北方某污泥好氧堆肥过程采样,通过三维荧光光谱分析结合区域积分表征污泥好氧堆肥过程中DOM腐殖酸类变化特征,分析污泥好氧堆肥过程中汞、甲基汞质量分数的变化,通过质量衡算和相关性分析好氧堆肥对污泥中汞、甲基汞的影响。
甲基汞和腐殖质在污泥堆肥过程中的变化特征及其相互关系
Research on the changes of methylmercury and humus in sludge and their relationship during aerobic compositing
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摘要: 好氧堆肥-土地利用是实现污泥资源化处置的主要方式,但污泥中重金属的环境健康风险是限制污泥土地利用的重要因素。通过观测北方某工程规模的污泥好氧堆肥过程汞、甲基汞的变化,并基于三维荧光光谱区域积分分析,研究好氧堆肥过程甲基汞的变化特征及其与有机物中腐殖质变化关系。结果表明,堆肥前后,汞与甲基汞质量分数未发生明显变化,但通过质量衡算发现,堆肥结束后堆体中汞总量从(272.56±25.71) g下降到(211.10±12.97) g,出现22.5%的汞散失,而甲基汞质量从0.37 g下降至0.28 g,24.3%的甲基汞可能发生去甲基化而形态转变。在堆肥过程中,甲基汞质量与荧光区域Ⅲ(富里酸)体积积分呈显著负相关(r=−0.897,p<0.05),与荧光区域Ⅳ(微生物代谢副产物)体积积分呈显著正相关(r=0.933,p<0.01)。基于堆肥过程甲基汞和汞质量的动态变化,在堆肥前10 d的有机物快速腐熟化阶段发生了甲基汞的去甲基化,而后随好氧堆肥过程翻堆、曝气发生了汞的蒸发散失。本研究结果可为评价污泥好氧堆肥后对汞、甲基汞健康风险提供参考。Abstract: Aerobic composting followed by land application is the main process for resources recovery from sewage sludge, but the environmental health risk of heavy metals limits the land application of sludge. By sampling and analyzing the mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) contents in sludge during one full-scale aerobic composting plant in north China, this study investigated changes of MeHg and its relationship with humus based on three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) combined with integration analysis. Results showed that there was no obvious difference in the contents of Hg and MeHg before and after composting. According to the mass balance calculation, Hg amount was reduced from 272.56±25.71 g to 211.10±12.97 g, i.e., 22.5% of Hg was lost. And the amount of MeHg was reduced from 0.37 g to 0.28 g. 24.3% of MeHg was demethylated. Changes of humus during compost revealed that the initial phase of composting (10 days) was the fast humification period. Aromatic protein and soluble microbial byproduct were biodegraded fast, and accordingly, humic and fulvic substances increased. The amount of MeHg was significantly negatively related with the integral fluorescence intensity of region III (fulvic acid) (r=-0.897, p<0.05), and significantly positively related with the integral fluorescence intensity of region IV (microbial metabolic byproducts) (r=0.933, p<0.05). Based on the dynamic changes of MeHg and Hg contents during aerobic composting, demethylation of MeHg occurred during the fast humification period in early 10 days, and Hg loss happened in the subsequent aerating and turning process. The results of this study can provide a reference for monitoring the health risks of Hg and MeHg after aerobic composting.
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Key words:
- sludge /
- aerobic composting /
- mercury /
- methylmercury /
- humus
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表 1 堆肥物料的基本特征
Table 1. Basic characteristics of raw materials
物料种类 含水率/% VS/% pH EC/(μs·cm−1) 污泥 80.6 58.2 7.0 252 稻壳 13.4 82.3 6.8 483 返混料 50.2 41.4 8.3 1 409 混合料 62.8 63.1 7.7 1 257 表 2 荧光积分区域
Table 2. Five fluorescence integration regions nm
区域 有机物类型 激发波长/Ex 发射波长/Em Ⅰ 芳香蛋白类物质Ⅰ 220~250 280~330 Ⅱ 芳香蛋白类物质Ⅱ 220~250 330~380 Ⅲ 富里酸类物质 220~250 380~500 Ⅳ 溶解性微生物代谢产物 250~280 280~380 Ⅴ 腐殖酸类物质 250~400 380~500 表 3 堆肥过程总汞及甲基汞质量衡算
Table 3. Mass balance calculation of THg and MeHg in composting process
时间/d 水分质量/t 干重/t 堆体总质量/t 总汞质量/g 甲基汞质量/g 1 143.81 85.19 229.00 272.56±25.71 0.37±0.02 4 121.96 77.41 199.37 275.94±22.60 0.38±0.02 10 116.34 75.30 191.64 258.50±9.37 0.24±0.01 17 95.78 70.41 166.19 262.30±18.22 0.32±0.03 25 78.32 67.60 145.92 211.10±12.97 0.28±0.01 -
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