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稀土元素(Rare Earth Elements, REEs)具有独特的核外电子结构和变价特征,物理性能优异[1],已成为国民经济可持续发展不可或缺的重要战略资源[2-3]。稀土在工业催化剂中应用广泛。2014年,全球流化催化裂化(Fluid Catalytic Cracking,FCC)催化剂供应量约为8.4×105 t[4]。由于有机物和重金属的影响,FCC催化剂在使用过程中结构被破坏并失活,最终变为废FCC催化剂,废FCC催化剂中的稀土主要为镧(La)和铈(Ce),且稀土质量分数约为2%~4%[5]。2015年,我国废FCC催化剂产生量约为1.43×105 t,折合稀土(La、Ce)约为2.86×103~5.72×103 t[6]。寻找合理、高效的方法来回收其中的稀土元素迫在眉睫。
目前,国内外回收稀土元素的主要方式是溶剂萃取法[7]。INNOCENZI等[8]对溶剂萃取法和选择性沉淀法进行了比较,发现溶剂萃取法对主杂质铝(Al)的萃取率较低,有利于提高La和Ce的回收率和最终产品质量。溶剂萃取法由浸出、萃取和反萃取3部分组成。对于浸出过程而言,浸出酸的选择是关键。BORRA等[9]发现,与有机酸相比,盐酸、硫酸和硝酸等无机酸更利于稀土的浸出。在萃取剂的选择上,目前对废FCC催化剂中稀土进行回收,研究最多的萃取剂是二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(P204)和2-乙基己基膦酸单2-乙基己基酯(P507)。YE等[10]研究了使用皂化的P507从废FCC催化剂中回收稀土的方法,当皂化率为20%时,La和Ce的萃取率可达100%。秦玉芳等[11]将废FCC催化剂用盐酸溶解,并用体积分数为60%的P204-煤油混合有机相萃取浸出液,当浸出液初始pH=2,萃取相比为2∶1时,萃取效果最好,稀土回收率达到91.76%。
用溶剂萃取法回收废FCC催化剂中的稀土时,会将一部分杂质Al萃取出来。铝是非常弥散的元素,在溶液中的赋存状态较为复杂,由于铝的两性,回收废FCC催化剂时去除铝的方法主要有碱法、酸法和萃取法[12]。目前,研究较多的主要是碱法和酸法,这2种方法工艺复杂,成本较高[13-14]。然而,对萃取法的研究鲜有报道,ZHAO等[15]研究了P507和P204对废FCC催化剂中稀土的萃取效果,发现P204对La和Ce的萃取效果较好,同时也会萃取出大量的Al,而P507对La和Ce的萃取效果比P204差,但萃取出的Al更少。
为进一步探索从废FCC催化剂中回收稀土时萃取法对铝的去除效果,本研究对萃取的过程和条件进行优化,选择常用的稀土萃取剂P204和P507作为萃取剂,着重研究了浸出过程、单一溶剂萃取过程和P204-P507复合萃取过程,以期为从废FCC催化剂中回收高纯度稀土提供有益参考。
P204-P507-HCl体系回收废FCC催化剂中稀土的优化
Recovery of rare earth elements from spent FCC catalysts in P204-P507-HCl system
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摘要: 针对废流化催化裂化(FCC)催化剂的资源化利用问题,采用溶剂萃取法从废FCC催化剂中高效回收稀土。对无机酸浸出过程、二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(P204)和2-乙基己基膦酸单2-乙基己基酯(P507)单独萃取稀土过程以及P204-P507复合萃取稀土过程分别进行了研究。结果表明,盐酸为最佳浸出剂,在最佳浸出条件(4 mol·L−1盐酸溶液、浸出时间为4 h、60 ℃、固液比为1∶15)下,Ce和La的浸出率分别为99.7%和97.7%。萃取过程的最佳条件为萃取剂浓度1.5 mol·L−1、浸出液初始pH=2.5,P204和P507对Ce和La的萃取率均较高,而P507对杂质铝的萃取率远低于P204。P204-P507复合萃取体系中P507体积比为0.2时,Ce和La的回收率分别达到80.4%和75.3%,略低于纯P204萃取体系,而杂质铝的回收率小于10.0%。P204-P507复合萃取体系能有效降低回收稀土中杂质铝的萃取量。本研究可为从废FCC催化剂中回收高纯度稀土提供参考。Abstract: Aiming at the problem of resource utilization of spent fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts, the solvent extraction method is used to efficiently recover rare earths from spent FCC catalysts. The process of inorganic acid leaching, single extraction of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (P204) and single 2-ethylhexyl phosphonate (P507) and composite extraction of rare earth by P204-P507 were studied. The results showed that hydrochloric acid was the best leaching agent. Under the optimal leaching conditions (4 mol·L−1 hydrochloric acid solution, leaching time of 4 h, 60 ℃, solid-liquid ratio of 1:15), the leaching rates of Ce and La were 99.7% and 97.7%, respectively. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: the concentration of extractant was 1.5 mol·L−1, the initial pH of leaching solution was 2.5, and the extraction rates of Ce and La were both higher for P204 and P507, while the extraction rates of aluminum for P507 were much lower than that for P204. When the volume ratio of P507 in P204-P507 was 0.2, the recovery of Ce and La reached 80.4% and 75.3%, respectively, slightly lower than that of pure P204, while the recovery of aluminum was less than 10.0%. The P204-P507 composite extraction system can effectively reduce the content of aluminum impurities in the recycled rare earth, providing a useful reference for the recovery of high purity rare earth from the waste FCC catalyst.
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