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在海水养殖过程中,饲料中的氮可以通过饵料残留、养殖生物代谢等途径进入水体,成为海水养殖废水中的主要污染物之一[1]。氨氮(NH3-N)是海水养殖废水中氮的主要存在形式[2]。在传统脱氮工艺中,通常先通过自养硝化将NH3-N转化为硝酸盐氮(NO3−-N),再通过异养反硝化将NO3−-N转化为气态氮,从而去除水体中总氮。由于自养硝化和异养反硝化所需的溶解氧(DO)、有机物等环境条件存在差异[3],通常将二者置于不同反应器中[4]或者好氧/缺氧环境在时间上交替出现的同一反应器中[5],这使得传统脱氮工艺往往存在系统体积大、反应时间长、操作和过程控制复杂、能耗物耗较高等不足。近些年的研究表明,硝化和反硝化过程可以在同一反应器中及相同操作条件下同时进行[6]。与传统脱氮工艺相比,同步硝化反硝化(SND)工艺可以减小反应器体积,缩短处理时间,简化过程控制,降低氧、有机碳源和碱度的消耗[7],有望成为一种新型的海水养殖废水脱氮工艺。
相较于市政污水,海水养殖废水的污染物负荷较低,因此,通常采用生物膜法对其进行处理。生物膜附着生长,具有一定厚度,传质阻力使得水体中DO、有机物等物质在生物膜内形成浓度梯度,从而为不同功能菌群生长提供适宜的微环境,促进SND发生[8]。生物膜SND的脱氮性能受DO[9]、温度[10]、pH[11]、碳氮比(C/N)[12]、水力停留时间(HRT)[13]等环境条件和运行参数的影响。其中,C/N是关键影响因素之一,需要保持在适当范围内,过高或过低都会破坏SND中硝化和反硝化的平衡[7,14-15]。海水养殖废水的C/N较低,通常需要补充有机碳源来满足异养反硝化的需求。甲醇、乙醇、乙酸钠等水溶性有机物经常被用作反硝化的外加碳源[16];然而,其投加量的精准调控比较困难,这不仅会导致系统运行复杂,还容易造成二次污染[17]。大量研究[18-19]表明,很多难溶于水但可生物降解的天然或人工合成聚合物在微生物胞外酶作用下能够释放可溶性小分子有机物。因此,这些难溶性的固态有机物可以用作异养反硝化的缓释碳源,降低外加碳源调控的难度。与天然聚合物(木屑、麦秆、稻草等)相比,人工合成聚合物(聚己内酯、聚羟基脂肪酸酯等)作为固态碳源具有脱氮效率高且较稳定、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和有害物质残留少、水体色度变化小等优点[20],故日益受到国内外研究者的关注。有研究表明,SND过程能够在以人工合成聚合物作为生物膜载体的反应器中进行,从而实现对低C/N污废水(市政污水、淡水养殖废水、渗沥液等)中NH3-N、NO3−-N和TN的同时去除[7, 21-22]。因此,基于人工合成聚合物的生物膜SND对海水养殖废水中氮的去除性能值得关注,但是,目前相关研究报道仍然较少。
本研究选取用途广泛的3-羟基丁酸/戊酸酯共聚物(PHBV)[23]作为人工合成聚合物固态碳源的代表,首先考察了其在非生物作用下的有机碳释放情况;然后构建了填充柱生物膜反应器,连续运行90 d,研究了基于PHBV的SND对海水养殖废水中NH3-N、NO3−-N和TN的去除性能,以期为海水养殖废水高效净化提供技术支持。
基于固态碳源的同步硝化反硝化反应器对海水养殖废水中氮的去除性能
Performance of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification reactor based on solid-phase carbon source on nitrogen removal from mariculture wastewater
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摘要: 通过批次实验考察了非生物作用下3-羟基丁酸/戊酸酯共聚物(PHBV)的有机碳释放规律;以PHBV颗粒和陶粒作为填料建立了填充柱生物膜反应器,并通过长期(90 d)运行考察了其对海水养殖废水中氮的去除性能。结果表明,非生物作用下PHBV难以向水体中释放有机碳;以PHBV作为固态碳源的生物膜反应器可以实现同步硝化反硝化。反应器运行状态(HRT为2 h)稳定后,氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为(91.8±1.3)%和(87.5±2.2)%,硝化速率和反硝化速率分别为0.11 g·(L·d)−1和0.20 g·(L·d)−1。填充柱沿水流方向可以分为2个区段,0~20 cm柱体内主要进行同步硝化反硝化过程,20~100 cm柱体内主要进行反硝化过程;反应器中微弱的亚硝酸盐积累可以归因于短程反硝化。以上研究成果可以为海水养殖业绿色发展提供参考。
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关键词:
- 固态碳源 /
- 3-羟基丁酸/戊酸酯共聚物(PHBV) /
- 同步硝化反硝化 /
- 生物膜反应器 /
- 海水养殖废水
Abstract: Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the organic carbon release of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hyroxyvelate (PHBV) under abiotic condition. A biofilm reactor packed with PHBV granules and ceramsite was established and operated for 90 d to determine its performance on nitrogen removal from mariculture wastewater. Batch experiment results indicate that the negligible release of organic carbon from PHBV to water occurred under abiotic condition. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification could be achieved in the biofilm reactor utilizing PHBV as solid-phase carbon source. When the biofilm reactor reached steady-state operation status (HRT = 2 h), the removal efficiencies of ammonia and total nitrogen were (91.8±1.3)% and (87.5±2.2)%, respectively, together with the nitrification rate of 0.11 g·(L·d)−1and the denitrification rate of 0.20 g·(L·d)−1. The packed-bed reactor could be divided into two distinct sections, namely, the section of 0~20 cm for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification and the section of 20~100 cm for denitrification. Slight nitrite accumulation in the packed-bed reactor could be attributed to the short-cut denitrification. Therefore, the achievements of this study could provide a technical support for the green development of mariculture. -
表 1 批次实验设计
Table 1. Design of batch experiments
实验组 振荡速度/(r·min-1) 温度/oC 盐度/‰ 初始pH I 0,100 22 32 8.0 II 0 15、22、30 32 8.0 III 0 22 0,16,32 8.0 IV 0 22 0 5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0 -
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