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溴酸盐(
${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ )是含溴离子(Br−)水体在臭氧或氯气消毒过程中生成的一种消毒副产物 [1]。在经臭氧消毒的饮用水中检测到BrO3−的质量浓度可达到120 μg·L−1[2]。${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 具有较强的DNA损伤能力,可引起肾肿瘤和腹膜间皮瘤等疾病[3]。因此,世界卫生组织(WHO)规定饮用水中${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 质量浓度应低于10 μg·L−1。目前,很多技术被应用于水体中${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 的去除,包括生物修复[4-5]、化学/催化还原[6-7]、光催化还原[8]、物理分离[9]等。然而这些技术存在二次污染、运行和维护成本高以及操作复杂等缺点。近年来,电化学还原技术因其反应速度快、无污染、操作便捷等优点,在控制水体中BrO3−污染方面已有较多应用[10]。在电化学还原
${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 体系中,阴极材料处于“心脏”地位,是实现高效率和低能耗去除BrO3−的关键。常用的电极材料有贵金属基(Pd、Ir、Pt等)[11-13]和非贵金属基(Fe、Cu等)[6,14]两大类。MAO等采用氧化还原石墨烯修饰碳纸负载钯纳米颗粒阴极(Pd-rGO/C),并耦合活性炭负载钯(Pd/GAC)颗粒电极,在恒定电流条件下可将${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 还原成为Br−离子[12]。然而贵金属价格昂贵,目前对其研究仅仅停留在实验室阶段。因此,开发具有高活性且廉价的非贵金属基电极材料已受到更广泛的关注。${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 的电化学还原包括2种作用,即电子的直接还原和活性氢(H*)介导的间接还原[13]。泡沫钴(cobalt foam, CF)由于成本低廉、比表面积大、稳定性高等优点,被认为是优良的电极材料[15]。但CF电子传递速率差和催化产生H*的活性较低,导致其电化学还原${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 的性能较差。因此,能否在保留CF自身优点的基础上提升其催化产生H*的性能和电子传递速率是一个值得研究的课题。磷化钴(CoP)具有独特的电子结构,不仅可以作为电子媒介促进电子传递,还能作为催化剂电催化产生H*[16-18]。LIU等在以CoP作为阴极开展氟苯尼考电化学脱卤的研究中发现CoP确实能促进电子传递和H*的形成[16]。受上述结果启发,将CoP与CF结合有望得到一种活性高和稳定性佳的复合电极。通常,研究者会利用聚偏氟乙二烯、聚四氟乙烯等高分子化合物粘结剂将催化剂负载于电极表面,但粘结剂的使用会严重影响活性物质的催化性能和电极的稳定性[19-20]。为此,无粘结剂的催化剂和电极耦合技术是制备复合电极的热门方法[21-23]。本研究以CF作为基底,通过原位生长制备CoP与CF耦合自支撑电极(CoP/CF),该电极不使用粘结剂,增加了电子传递速率和电催化产H*性能,具备较好的电还原
${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 性能。本研究通过优化电极制备条件,调控其还原${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 性能,并探讨其机制,以期为电催化还原${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 提供参考。
磷化钴-泡沫钴自支撑电极电化学还原溴酸盐
Efficient electrochemical bromate reduction using cobalt phosphide self-supported cobalt foam electrode
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摘要: 开发活性高和价格低廉的电极材料是溴酸盐(
${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ )电化学还原技术的关键。贵金属电极因其高活性受到广泛关注,但贵金属储量低且价格昂贵导致其推广应用受限。为此,本研究在不使用粘结剂的情况下,通过直接在高温条件下将磷化泡沫钴原位生长转化为磷化钴,从而制备出磷化钴-泡沫钴自支撑电极(CoP/CF),并将其用于电化学还原${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 。结果表明:350 ℃下磷化制备的电极CoP/CF-350性能最优;当${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 初始质量浓度为250 μg·L−1、电流密度为5.0 mA·cm−2时,该电极对${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 去除率为97.6%,相应的能耗为0.014 kWh·mg−1。循环伏安测试(CV)和淬灭实验结果表明,${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 的去除归因于直接电子传递和活性氢(H*)间接还原的协同作用。原位生长的CoP作为双功能催化剂,起到了电子传递媒介和桥梁的作用,强化了${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 的还原。经过5次循环实验后,CoP/CF-350电极仍保持良好电催化活性,说明其具有良好的稳定性。Abstract: Exploring highly active and inexpensive electrode are the keys in electrochemical reduction of bromate (${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ ). Although the noble metal-based electrode has attracted intensive attention for its high activity, low abundance and high price of noble metal seriously impede its practical application. In this study, a binder-free composite electrode (CoP/CF) was prepared by direct growth of cobalt phosphide(CoP) on cobalt foam(CF) and then was used to perform electrochemical reduction of${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ . The results showed that CoP/CF-350 electrode prepared at 350 ℃ had a better electrochemical performance on high${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ reduction(97.6%) and lower energy consumption (0.014 kWh·mg−1) at the initial${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ concentration of 250 μg·L−1 and current density of 5.0 mA·cm−2. The cyclic voltammetry(CV) and quenching experiments demonstrated that${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ removal should be ascribed to the synergistic effect of direct electron transfer and active hydrogen (H*) indirect reduction. The in-situ grown CoP served as the bifunctional catalyst and played the dual roles of electron mediator and bridge, further enhanced the${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ reduction. Even after five cyclic experiments, the CoP/CF-350 electrode still remained a good electrocatalytic activity, this indicated that this electrode had a good stability.-
Key words:
- CoP /
- self-supported electrode /
- electrochemical reduction /
- ${\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ /
- reaction mechanism
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