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矿产的开采和冶炼是重金属进入农田土壤的重要途径[1],农产品中重金属的积累,对直接或间接食用该产品的动物以及人类构成了风险[2-3]. 研究表明,重金属可以经呼吸、皮肤接触和饮食等方式进入人体,相对于皮肤接触、呼吸,饮食由于种类复杂、摄取量大、食物中重金属含量差别明显等原因,成为重金属进入人体最重要的途径[4]. 针对作物重金属污染问题,国内外专家、学者进行了大量研究[5-10],有学者研究了玉米籽粒的重金属含量水平及人体摄入的健康风险,结果发现重金属含量均值很少高于标准,但长期摄入会对儿童造成健康风险[5-7];另有学者研究不同作物的含量水平及对人体产生的健康风险,发现玉米籽粒中部分重金属含量均值超过标准且存在单一健康风险,成人和儿童通过食用玉米会对健康造成危害[8-10].
目前安徽省关于矿区周边农田作物重金属污染研究主要集中在铜陵、淮南、淮北等地[10-12]. 亳州市玉米、小麦、豆类等产量丰富,2018年,亳州市主要农产品单位面积产量在安徽省处于前三,玉米产量156.309万吨,占安徽省玉米总产量的26.24%[13]。
为探究煤矿开采等相关活动对矿区周边作物的影响,本文以涡北煤矿外围农田玉米为研究对象,对重金属(Ni、As、Cr、Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb)含量进行测试,通过污染指数法评估了籽粒重金属污染程度,并评价了儿童和成人摄入煤矿周边玉米造成的健康风险,为当地农产品质量安全和居民健康提供依据.
涡北煤矿外围农田玉米重金属污染特征及健康风险评价
Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals from maize in the surrounding farmland of Guobei Coal Mine
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摘要: 为全面了解涡北煤矿外围农田玉米重金属污染现状,本文测定了玉米籽粒及对应土壤样品的重金属含量,运用单因子及综合污染指数分析重金属在玉米籽粒中的污染状况,并采用美国EPAMMSOILS风险评价模型评价了摄食玉米对人体造成的重金属健康风险. 结果表明,研究区玉米籽粒中Ni、As、Cr、Zn、Cu、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为0.73、0.11、0.81、23.76、2.09、0.01、0.23 mg·kg−1,除Ni和Pb外,其它重金属含量均值均未超过我国食品卫生标准. 综合污染指数显示Ni和Pb为4.26和4.44,属于重度污染,Cr则介于1—2之间,属于轻度污染,Cd、Cu、As、Zn都小于1,表明无污染. Ni、Cr、Cd和Pb的含量空间分布均呈现东南向西北递增的趋势. As对儿童的健康风险指数大于1,其它6种重金属对儿童的健康风险指数小于1,各重金属对成人的健康风险较小,另外,重金属复合污染对儿童存在健康风险,所以居民通过摄食玉米产生的健康风险应该引起关注.Abstract: In order to fully understand the heavy metal pollution of maize grains in the surrounding farmland of Guobei Coal Mine, the contents of heavy metals in maize and corresponding soil samples were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry; the pollution of heavy metals in maize were analyzed using a single factor pollution index and a comprehensive pollution index; the health risk of heavy metals for maize ingestion in human were estimated with EPAMMSOILS risk assessment model. Results show that the average contents of Ni, As, Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb were 0.73, 0.11, 0.81, 23.76, 2.09, 0.01, 0.23 mg·kg−1 in maize grains, respectively. Except Ni and Pb, the average concentrations of other heavy metals were lower than national food hygiene standards. The Nemero index of Ni and Pb were 4.26 and 4.44 belonging to heavy pollution level and that of Cr were between 1 and 2 belonging to light pollution level, as well as the Nemero index of Cd, Cu, As and Pb contents all suggests a decreasing trend from northwest to southeast. The health risk index of As for children is greater than 1 while that of other six heavy metals are lower than 1, and the low health risk exists in adults. In addition, combined heavy metal is harmful to children. Therefore, the health risks of residents through ingestion of maize should be taken seriously.
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Key words:
- heavy metal /
- health risk /
- maize grains /
- Guobei Coal Mine
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表 1 重金属污染分级标准
Table 1. Classification standard of heavy metal pollution index
单因子污染指数
Single factor pollution index污染等级
Pollution level综合污染指数
Comprehensive pollution index污染等级
Pollution levelPi≤1 清洁 P综合≤0.7 安全 1<Pi≤2 轻污染 0.7<P综合≤1 警戒线 2<Pi≤3 中污染 1<P综合≤2 轻污染 Pi>3 重污染 2<P综合≤3 中污染 P综合>3 重污染 表 2 评价模型参数
Table 2. Evaluates model parameters
评价参数
Evaluation parameters儿童参考值
Children reference value成人参考值
Adult reference value文献
ReferencesIR/(kg·d−1) 0.05 0.1 [6] ED/a 10 30 [16] EF/(d·a−1) 365 365 [17] BW/kg 32.7 60 [17] BA 1 1 [17] AT/d 3650 10950 [17] RfD(Ni)=2.00×10−2 [18] RfD(As)=3.00×10−4 [19] RfD(Cr)=1.5 [20] RfD/(mg·kg−1·d−1) RfD(Zn)=3.00×10−1 [21] RfD(Cu)=4.00×10−2 [22] RfD(Cd)=1.00×10−3 [23] RfD(Pb)=36.00×10−4 [24] 表 3 涡北煤矿外围农田中玉米籽粒和土壤重金属含量水平
Table 3. Maize grains and soil heavy metal content levels in the surrounding farmland of Guobei Coal Mine
重金属
Heavy metals范围/ (mg·kg−1)
Range平均值±标准差/ (mg·kg−1)
value±SD变异系数/%
CV超标率/%
Over standard
Rate标准限值/ (mg·kg−1)
Standard limit玉米Maize Ni 0.08—2.4 0.73±0.52 71.2 75.0 0.4 As 0.01—0.60 0.11±0.15 136.4 6.3 0.5 Cr 0.003—1.60 0.81±0.48 59.3 21.9 1.0 Zn 10.97—51.46 23.76±9.11 38.3 3.1 50 Cu 0.79—9.87 2.09±1.61 77.0 0 10 Cd 0.001—0.036 0.01±0.008 80.0 0 0.1 Pb 0.03—1.18 0.23±0.25 108.7 34.4 0.2 土壤Soil Ni 34.00—50.21 43.62±3.74 8.6 100 29.8 As 10.34—23.63 15.03±2.32 15.4 0 30.0 Cr 65.48—91.25 80.53±6.61 8.2 96.9 66.5 Zn 15.33—119.25 95.20±18.59 19.5 93.8 62 Cu 22.68—63.52 35.19±6.41 18.2 100 20.4 Cd 0.23—0.43 0.30±0.06 20.0 43.8 0.3 Pb 19.93—33.19 29.02±3.02 10.4 87.5 26.6 注:玉米籽粒中As、Cr、Cd、Pb及Zn、Cu含量评价标准分别参照GB2762—2017和NY861—2004中的最大限量值;Ni含量评价标准参照参考文献[28] .土壤中As、Cr、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni含量评价标准参照安徽省土壤重金属背景值[29].
Note: The As, Cr, Cd and Pb concentration evaluation standards in maize grains refer to the GB2762-2017; The Zn and Cu concentration evaluation standards refer to the NY861-2004; the evaluation standard of Ni concentration is derived from literature [28].The As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni concentration evalution standards in soils refer to background values of heavy metals in soils of Anhui Province[29].表 4 玉米籽粒与土壤重金属含量相关性
Table 4. Correlation of maize grains and soil heavy metal content
土壤重金属
Soil heavy metals玉米籽粒重金属Heavy metals in maize grains Ni As Cr Zn Cu Cd Pb Ni −0.216 −0.244 −0.222 0.366 0.153 −0.227 −0.115 As 0.217 0.216 −0.015 0.195 0.266 −0.060 0.157 Cr −0.349 −0.287 −0.251 0.324 0.066 −0.287 −0.149 Zn 0.094 −0.022 0.142 0.151 0.097 0.284 0.137 Cu −0.260 −0.233 −0.124 0.365 0.068 −0.111 −0.087 Cd 0.202 −0.096 0.028 0.164 0.217 −0.012 0.023 Pb 0.093 −0.049 0.070 0.257 0.173 0.112 0.121 表 5 涡北煤矿外围农田玉米籽粒中重金属污染指数
Table 5. Heavy metal pollution index in maize grains in the surrounding farmland of Guobei Coal Mine
元素
Element单因子污染指数(Pi) 综合污染指数(P综合) 最小值Minimum 最大值Maximum 平均值Average Ni 0.205 6.000 1.835 4.437 As 0.018 1.204 0.220 0.865 Cr 0.003 2.163 0.811 1.633 Zn 0.219 1.029 0.475 0.801 Cu 0.079 0.453 0.209 0.713 Cd 0.010 0.360 0.100 0.117 Pb 0.035 5.915 1.130 4.258 表 6 涡北煤矿外围农田玉米籽粒的重金属摄入量及健康风险
Table 6. Heavy metal intake and health risks of maize grains in the surrounding farmland of Guobei Coal Mine
元素 Element ADD/(mg·kg−1·d−1) HQ HI 儿童
Children成人
Adult儿童
Children成人
Adult儿童
Children成人
AdultNi 2.29×10−3 1.22×10−3 1.14×10−1 6.12×10−2 1.90 0.91 As 3.44×10−4 1.83×10−4 1.15 6.10×10−1 Cr 2.53×10−3 1.35×10−3 1.69×10-3 9.01×10−4 Zn 7.43×10−2 3.96×10−2 2.48×10−1 1.32×10−1 Cu 6.53×10−3 3.48×10−3 1.62×10−1 8.70×10−2 Cd 3.13×10−5 1.67×10−5 3.13×10−2 1.67×10−2 Pb 7.19×10−4 3.77×10−4 2.00×10−1 1.05×10−1 -
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