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氟是一种人体生长发育必不可少的微量元素,且具有很强负电性、易溶于水的特点,因此很容易被人体吸收[1]。在一定的含量下,它既可以是一种营养元素也可以是一种有毒元素[2]。当人体摄入过少的氟时,易患龋齿病;而摄入过大的氟时,氟会抑制骨磷酸化酶、胆碱酯酶、稀醇化酶等多种酶的活性,严重影响人体的正常代谢[3]。氟中毒已经成为一种对人体伤害大、分布广泛的地域性疾病[4-5]。
我国《生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749—2006)》中规定F−的允许含量为1.0 mg·L−1,适宜范围为0.5—1.0 mg·L−1[6]。新疆喀什地区巴楚县气候干旱、蒸发量大且降雨量少,属于缺水型地区[7],该区工业、农业生产用水及生活用水主要来源于浅层地下水(潜水、浅层承压水)。
目前,关于巴楚县氟的分布特征及影响因素研究较少,为了查清研究区浅层地下水中F−的含量及分布特征,以研究区浅层地下水调查资料为依据,对该区浅层地下水中F−的分布、影响因素及高氟地下水形成作用进行分析。分析结果将为该区广大人民群众生活饮用水质量提供保障,同时,为降低该区氟中毒性疾病的发生提供科学依据。
巴楚县浅层地下水中氟的分布特征及影响因素分析
Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of fluorine in shallow groundwater of Bachu County
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摘要: 以新疆喀什地区巴楚县平原区浅层地下水为研究对象,依据浅层地下水调查数据,分析浅层地下水中氟的分布特征及影响因素。研究区潜水和浅层承压水中氟的含量变化范围分别为0.14—4.61 mg·L−1和0.02—2.00 mg·L−1,超标率分别为59.4%和38.2%;高氟浅层地下水在水平方向上主要分布在东南部以及西南部,在垂直分布上表现为潜水大于浅层承压水。浅层地下水中F−主要受气候、地形、水化学条件的影响;地下水化学环境处于弱碱性时易出现高氟地下水。运用 PHREEQC 软件计算地下水中各矿物的饱和指数,结果表明浅层地下水中F−主要来源于萤石的溶解;Gibbs图解法结果表明,岩石风化作用及蒸发作用对浅层地下水化学组分起主要影响作用;氯碱指数计算结果表明,阳离子之间的交换作用对浅层承压水中F−的富集起抑制作用。Abstract: Based on the investigation data of groundwater, the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of fluorine in shallow groundwater of Bachu County in Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang were analyzed. The main conclusions were as follows: the variation range of fluorine content in the unconfined groundwater and shallow confined groundwater was 0.14—4.61 mg·L−1 and 0.02—2.00 mg·L−1, and the over standard rate was 59.4% and 38.2%. In the horizontal distribution, the high-fluorine groundwater was mainly distributed in the southeast and southwest part. In the vertical distribution, fluorine content in the unconfined groundwater was greater than the shallow confined groundwater. Groundwater fluoride was mainly affected by climate, topography and hydrochemical conditions. High-fluorine groundwater occurred when the groundwater hydrochemical environment was weakly alkaline. PHREEQC software was used to calculate the saturation index (SI) of various minerals in groundwater, it showed that groundwater fluorine mainly derived from the dissolution of fluorite. Gibbs diagram method showed that the weathering and evaporation of rocks were the main effects on groundwater chemical composition. The results of the Chlor-alkaline index showed that the exchange of cations inhibited the accumulation of fluoride in shallow confined water.
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表 1 浅层地下水中主要化学成分特征参数统计表
Table 1. Statistical results of main chemical components characteristic in shallow groundwater
指标
Index潜水Unconfined groundwater 浅层承压水Shallow confined groundwater 最小值/最大值/平均值/(mg·L−1)
Minimum/Maximum/
Mean标准差/偏度
Standard deviation/
Skewness最小值/最大值/平均值/(mg·L−1)
Minimum/Maximum/
Mean标准差/偏度
Standard deviation/
SkewnesspH 6.39/8.60/7.54 0.49/0.71 6.48/8.60/7.42 0.56/0.92 K++Na+ 74.3/3622.7/662.4 716.95/2.68 83.5/4377.2/1003.5 859.95/2.45 Ca2+ 72.6/858.0/313.8 186.82/1.16 79.4/1040.0/479.6 209.85/0.01 Mg2+ 32.1/411.0/161.2 97.47/0.97 29.6/593.1/230.8 111.61/0.94 Cl− 112.0/6568.4/802.5 1179.27/3.97 78.7/5980.0/1253.9 1248.04/2.70 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 160.0/4050.0/1275.4 875.39/1.02 171.6/4990.0/2032.5 920.31/0.50 ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ 59.9/1106.2/393.0 199.64/1.33 88.0/586.7/344.3 133.61/−0.11 F− 0.14/4.62/1.27 0.92/1.92 0.02/2.00/0.84 0.50/0.55 TDS 597.5/13081.8/3372.0 2608.56/1.97 573.0/16700.0/5112.9 2968.81/1.98 TH 313.3/3840.0/1446.6 833.20/1.14 320.3/5040.0/2191.2 935.70/0.42 注:pH值为无量纲. 表 2 潜水、浅层承压水F-含量统计表
Table 2. Statistics of fluorine content in unconfined groundwater and shallow confined groundwater
地下水类型
Groundwater typeN 最小值/ (mg·L−1)
Minimum最大值/ (mg·L−1)
Maximum平均值/ (mg·L−1)
Mean超标个数
Number of exceed超标率/%
Over standard
rate潜水
Unconfined groundwater32 0.14 4.61 1.27 19 59.4 浅层承压水
Shallow confined groundwater34 0.02 2.00 0.84 13 38.2 表 3 浅层地下水中F-与主要化学组分相关性统计
Table 3. Correlation statistics of fluorine and main chemical components in shallow groundwater
地下水类型Groundwater type TDS K++Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ 潜水(n=32)Unconfined groundwater 0.047 −0.001 0.097 0.057 −0.035 0.053 0.284 浅层承压水(n=34)Shallow confined groundwater −0.139 −0.269 0.069 −0.128 −0.340* 0.131 0.111 注:*表示在0.05水平上显著相关;**表示在0.01上平(双侧)上显著相关. -
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