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作为“丝绸之路经济带核心区”的新疆石河子地区,是我国西北干旱内陆典型的水质型缺水地区之一。该地区农垦开发力度大,畜牧养殖业、农产品及食品加工制造业相对发达,地下水资源是该地区的主要水源[1]。依据我国《GB/T 14848-2017地下水质量标准》中的Ⅲ类水标准,地下水As >10 μg·L−1为高砷地下水,地下水I− >80 μg·L−1为高碘地下水。新疆平原区高砷(As)、高碘(I)地下水主要分布于环塔里木盆地绿洲带和准噶尔盆地南缘[2-4],部分地区存在鲜有报道的地下水砷碘共同超标的现象(此处定义为“砷碘共富集”),严重影响当地的饮水安全,威胁人体健康并制约当地经济社会的发展,但其形成机理尚未完全查明。
新疆是我国典型的干旱内陆盆地高As地下水分布地区,北部准噶尔盆地的高As地下水影响面积达1200 km2[5],其中,准噶尔盆地南部的乌苏市车排子镇[6]和石河子地区北部均为高As地下水分布地区[3].
高I−地下水主要分布于包括新疆在内的干旱半干旱内陆盆地区、冲洪积平原区和沿海地区[7—9]。地下水I−的富集主要受其赋存与沉积环境、径流条件、气候以及人类活动影响[10-12]。新疆准噶尔盆地北部的阿勒泰地区西部和准噶尔盆地南部的石河子地区北部均为高I−地下水分布地区。
目前,全球广泛开展的高As或高I−地下水研究[13],多侧重As或I−的单指标分析,而对于高I−地区伴生高As地下水环境问题研究相对较少[14]。仅在内蒙古河套盆地和山西大同盆地开展砷碘共富集的研究,结果显示,地下水As、I−具有相似的富集机制[15-16]。本文基于2014年新疆石河子地区地下水污染调查(1∶250000),对地下水As、I−的分布规律及其共富集成因进行分析研究。
新疆石河子地区地下水砷、碘分布规律及共富集因素分析
Distribution and co-enrichment factors of arsenic and iodine in groundwater in the Shihezi area, Xinjiang
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摘要: 新疆准噶尔盆地地下水“水质型”缺水问题较为突出,开展地下水砷、碘污染机理研究具有实际意义。基于1∶250000新疆石河子地区地下水污染调查,对地下水砷、碘的分布规律及其共富集因素进行分析研究。结果显示,高As地下水和高I−地下水主要分布在北部近沙漠的冲洪积平原排泄区的承压含水层中,分布面积分别为276.7 km2和157.0 km2。高I-地下水As和I−在平面上呈共生性,砷碘共富集地下水占21.7%(分布面积151.7 km2);52.2%的低I−地下水As浓度也较低(分布面积347.7 km2)。地下水As和I−具有相似的富集机制,还原-弱碱性环境有利于地下水中As和I-共富集。Abstract: The shortage of groundwater caused by poor water quality has become outstanding in recent years. Therefore, research on contamination mechanism of groundwater arsenic and iodine has practical implications. Based on 1∶250,000 groundwater contamination survey carried out in the Shihezi area in Xinjiang, distribution and co-enrichment factors of arsenic and iodine in groundwater have been carried out in this study. Results showed that high As groundwater and high I− groundwater mainly distributed in confined aquifers in discharge areas in alluvial-proluvial plain proximity to desert with distribution area of 276.7 km2 and 157.0 km2, respectively. The horizontal distribution of groundwater As and I− were similar. Groundwater samples with co-enrichment of As and I- accounted for 21.7% (covering 151.7 km2), meanwhile, groundwater samples with both As and I− concentration not exceed the Class III groundwater quality limit accounted for 52.2% (covering 347.7 km2). Enrichment mechanisms of groundwater As and I− were similar, reductive-weak alkaline environment facilitated the co-enrichment of As and I− in groundwater.
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图 1 研究区南北向水文地质剖面图[23]
Figure 1. Hydrogeological profile of the study area (south-north)
表 1 地下水采样点信息
Table 1. Sampling points information of groundwater
采样点编号
Sampling number经度
Longitude纬度
Latitude地理位置
Geographical location井深/m
Well depth采样点类型
Sampling typeG01 85°57′E 44°22′N 石河子市石河子乡三角地村 18 潜水 G02 86°04′E 44°35′N 石河子147团 300 深层承压水 G03 86°07′E 44°34′N 石河子149团林业站 250 深层承压水 G04 85°50′E 44°14′N 石河子143团石红村 200 潜水 G05 86°04′E 44°17′N 石河子自来水公司 140 潜水 G06 86°05′E 44°20′N 石河子市大庙村 20 潜水 G07 85°50′E 44°18′N 沙湾县乌兰乌苏镇皇宫庙子村 50 潜水 G08 86°00′E 44°23'N 石河子市清泉镇泉沿村 80 浅层承压水 G09 86°01′E 44°22′N 石河子市北泉镇百口泉 19 浅层承压水 G10 86°00′E 44°26′N 石河子大泉沟水库 80 浅层承压水 G11 85°55′E 44°24′N 石河子市北泉镇百口泉 200 深层承压水 G12 86°09′E 44°38′N 玛纳斯县六户地镇老枯沟村 46 浅层承压水 G13 85°49′E 44°45′N 沙湾县老沙湾镇白家庄 50 浅层承压水 G14 85°46′E 44°39′N 沙湾县老沙湾镇小东渠村 45 浅层承压水 G15 86°08′E 44°38′N 玛纳斯县六户地镇老枯沟村 200 深层承压水 G16 86°15′E 44°47′N 石河子148团 200 深层承压水 G17 86°17′E 44°50′N 石河子148团 200 深层承压水 G18 85°56′E 44°29′N 石河子市蘑菇湖村 200 深层承压水 G19 85°54′E 44°35′N 沙湾县柳毛湾镇秦家渠村 300 深层承压水 G20 86°05′E 44°35′N 石河子147团 200 深层承压水 G21 86°20′E 44°50′N 石河子148团 200 深层承压水 G22 86°12′E 44°56′N 石河子149团场 200 深层承压水 G23 85°56′E 44°31′N 石河子总场四分场 200 深层承压水 表 2 砷碘共富集与砷碘均未超标的地下水相关指标统计值
Table 2. Statistics of indexes in As and I- co-enrichment groundwater and low As and I- groundwater
指标 Index 砷碘共富集 As and I− co-enrichment groundwater 砷碘均未超标 low As and I− groundwater 范围 Range 中位值 Median 平均值 Average 范围 Range 中位值 Median 平均值 Average 距山麓/km Distance to the piedmont 46.0—84.0 70.2 67.7 0—32.2 15.7 15.9 As/ (μg·L−1) 11.5—49.1 37.5 32.8 < 0.50 —5.4 1.95 2.41 I−/ (μg·L−1) 103—140 125 125 < 5.0—50.0 < 5.0 13 Fe2+/ (mg·L−1) < 0.01—0.29 0.08 0.12 < 0.01—0.42 0.03 0.09 EC /(μS·cm−1) 449—964 695 693 220—1120 394 462 总硬度/(mg·L−1) Total hardness 8.61—94.7 20.7 36.5 64.8—568 129 188 总溶解固体/(mg·L−1) TDS 242—604 408 412 130—758 228 302 NO3−/ (mg·L−1) < 0.20 < 0.20 < 0.20 0.10—15.3 3.18 6.07 pH 8.99—9.30 9.20 9.18 7.45—8.39 8.22 8.07 Eh /mV −0.40—31.7 5.50 11.1 57.0—131 98.9 98.5 γFe2+/γCl− 0.002—0.040 0.017 0.026 0.003—0.041 0.009 0.022 γSO42-/γCl− 0.47—1.18 1.02 0.89 1.62—7.41 2.69 2.97 γCa2+/γCl− 0.12—0.22 0.13 0.15 1.71—8.61 3.83 4.54 HCO3−/γCl− 0.44—2.65 1.39 1.43 1.15—11.0 3.91 4.93 -
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