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随着我国城市工业化进程的发展,随之而来的空气污染导致的生态环境和人类健康问题日益突出[1-2]。诸多污染物中,大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)由于其粒径小、来源广、危害大而引起广泛的关注[3-5],PM2.5浓度的增加不仅影响大气能见度,同时危害公众健康[6]。PM2.5载带的污染元素具有生物积累性、细胞毒性、不可降解性、隐蔽性[7],可通过呼吸、摄食等方式进入人体,进而危害人体心血管系统及呼吸系统[8]。因此,加强对大气PM2.5中元素的特征及来源解析的研究对环境和人类健康具有重要意义。
近年来,关于大气颗粒物中元素的研究已引起国内学者的广泛关注。刘威杰等[9]探究了我国中部不同类型城市夏季大气PM2.5中元素的组成及来源,表明平顶山、随州、武汉大气PM2.5中元素均以Zn浓度最高,武汉和随州站点主要受当地排放的影响,平顶山站点受当地源和外地源汇入的共同影响。张鑫等[10]研究了北京、新乡夏季大气颗粒物中重金属元素的粒径分布和健康风险。栾孟孝等[11]采用富集因子法与相关分析法对鞍山市秋季细颗粒物中元素污染特征和来源进行了分析,表明鞍山市秋季大气PM2.5中元素的来源主要是钢铁冶炼、机动车尾气和燃煤。Crilley等[12]分析了伦敦某运动会期间大气细颗粒和粗颗粒中的元素浓度,并利用PMF对其进行来源解析。
锦州市作为中国重要的工业城市,规模以上企业雄居辽西之首,其产业园区重点发展石油化工、冶金、钢铁等产业,但同时又受内蒙等地沙尘影响,环境问题突出。因此,本研究分析了锦州市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中元素的含量和特征,并进一步判断大气PM2.5的主要来源,旨在为锦州市改进环境空气质量,开展大气污染防治工作提供参考。
锦州市春季大气PM2.5中元素特征及来源解析
Characteristics and Sources of Elements in PM2.5 during Spring in Jinzhou
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摘要: 为了解锦州市春季大气PM2.5中元素的特征和来源,于2018年4月在锦州市5个点位采集大气PM2.5样品,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定样品中的15种元素,对PM2.5中的元素进行了浓度特征及富集因子分析,并运用主成分分析对其进行来源解析。结果表明,锦州市春季PM2.5浓度为(98.85±63.23) µg·m−3;元素Al、Mg、Ca、Fe、Na、K、Zn的浓度较高,这7种元素之和占锦州市PM2.5中所分析元素总浓度的98.60%以上;富集因子结果表明,元素Cd、Zn、Pb、As、Cu的富集程度较高,主要受到燃煤、移动源、金属冶炼、垃圾焚烧等人为源的共同影响。主成分分析结果表明锦州市春季PM2.5中元素主要来源于钢铁冶炼等金属活动排放的工业源、移动源、扬尘源、燃煤源以及垃圾燃烧源。Abstract: In order to investigate the characteristics and sources of the elements in PM2.5 during spring of Jinzhou, PM2.5 samples were collected in April 2018 and 15 elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), the pollution characteristics and enrichment factors of elements were analyzed and the source of elements was analyzed by the principal component analysis.The results showed that the concentration of PM2.5 in Jinzhou in spring was (98.85±63.23) µg·m−3, Al, Mg, Ca, Fe, Na, K and Zn were the main elements and accounted for 98.60% of the 15 detected elements. The enrichment factor results showed that the enrichment of elements Cd, Zn, Pb, As and Cu is relatively high, mainly originated by anthropogenic sources such as coal combustion, mobile vehicle, metal smelting and waste incineration. Principal component analysis results showed that the main sources of elements in PM2.5 in Jinzhou City were industrial sources emitted by metal activities such as iron and steel smelting, mobile vehicles, fugitive dust sources, coal combustion, and waste incineration.
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Key words:
- PM2.5 /
- enrichment factor /
- element characteristics /
- source apportionment /
- elements
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表 1 不同城市元素质量浓度(ng·m−3 )
Table 1. Concentrations of elements in different cities( ng·m−3)
元素Element 锦州Jinzhou 黄石[17]Huangshi 盘锦市[17]Panjin 临沂[19]Linyi 鞍山[11]Anshan 北京[20]Benjing Na 434.82 82.82 345.16 689.71 364.74 — K 569.11 800.49 — 1066.27 — 2372.4 V 2.78 2.71 15.71 12.37 4.11 16.2 Cr 5.62 45.34 4.48 17.35 7.05 7.7 Mn 33.80 30.30 17.12 44.75 — 58.8 Ni 2.42 3.07 6.31 5.04 2.64 — Cu 9.46 30.72 8.36 34.49 10.62 185.2 Zn 103.44 212.84 126.77 236.53 449.65 185.3 As 4.02 25.14 9.48 8.26 30.81 10.6 Cd 2.52 2.49 1.38 2.21 2.14 2.8 Pb 22.91 100.21 39.22 81.83 180.36 154.3 Al 2370.08 — 393.18 1711.29 — 810.8 Mg 464.50 112.28 284.78 695.72 378.11 506.5 Ca 1188.13 357.90 376.71 1136.64 738.37 1738.3 Fe 764.31 713.62 365.95 1649.37 899.75 1321.1 表 2 元素主成分分析结果
Table 2. Element principal component analysis results
元素 Element 因子1 Factor 1 因子2 Factor 2 因子3 Factor 3 Na 0.084 0.940 0.213 K −0.060 0.991 0.014 V 0.100 0.981 0.165 Cr 0.201 0.827 0.517 Mn 0.212 0.791 −0.559 Ni 0.841 0.215 −0.372 Cu 0.398 −0.283 −0.856 Zn 0.739 0.496 0.441 As 0.057 0.272 0.942 Cd 0.597 −0.217 0.762 Pb 0.673 0.690 0.059 Mg −0.915 −0.0.013 −0.156 Ca −0.990 0.020 0.107 Fe −0.775 −0.476 0.086 特征值 7.253 4.071 2.909 方差贡献率/% 48.355 27.137 19.392 累计方差贡献率/% 48.355 75.492 94.883 -
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