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地下水作为我国城镇不可缺少的供水水源,是支撑我国社会经济发展的重要战略资源,对维持生态平衡等方面具有重要的作用[1-3]。Carol等[4]研究了沿海平原地区地下水的盐化过程,认为地下水的盐化受蒸发、溶滤和人类活动等方面的影响。孙英等[5]运用数理统计、离子比值法、Gibbs模型、Piper 三线图和饱和指数法等方法,分析了巴楚县平原区地下水水化学特征,结果表明蒸发-浓缩作用是影响该地区地下水化学组分主要因素,其次是岩石风化作用。刘久潭等[6]采用数理统计、因子分析、模糊综合评价、水化学等方法,通过对青岛西海岸地区的地下水水化学特征和污染源分析表明,影响该地区地下水水质的最主要因素是农业生产活动。
地下水是沂河流域工业、农业和家庭用水的主要来源。因此,查明该地区地下水的水化学特征和水质情况是具有十分重要的实际意义。然而,目前研究区内的地下水水水化学和水质等方面的研究仍然十分有限。Liu等[7]运用Piper图、Gibbs图,离子比例系数和饱和指数(SI)等综合水化学方法来表征地下水的水化学特征及其潜在过程。因此,本次研究利用枯、丰期的地下水水化学数据,进一步确定沂河流域地下水的地球化学特征,并评估地下水水质和硝酸盐健康风险,研究结果为该地区地下水资源可持续发展提供一定的科学依据和参考。
沂河流域地下水水化学特征及水质评价
Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality evaluation of groundwater in the west of Yi River Basin
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摘要: 为了解沂河流域地下水水化学特征、水质以及硝酸盐对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,选取2017年枯、丰水期采集的156个地下水水样,运用数理统计、Piper三线图、舒卡列夫分类、Gibbs模型和离子比值等方法,分析了沂河流域地下水的主离子特征及其形成机制,分别运用模糊评价和健康风险评价模型对地下水水质和硝酸盐污染产生的健康风险进行了评估。结果表明,研究区枯、丰水期主要阳离子为Ca2+,主要优势阴离子为
${{\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} }$ ;按TDS划分,均属于淡水和微咸水;水化学类型在空间上变化较大,出现了11种类型,以HCO3·SO4-Ca型为主;水化学组分主要受碳酸盐岩的风化溶解控制。研究区地下水水质较差,主要为Ⅳ类水,枯、丰水期分别占51.2%和41.0%。健康风险评估结果表明,研究区枯、丰水期对成人的健康风险均值分别为1.41和1.47,儿童为2.62和2.75,硝酸盐健康风险较高,长期饮用该地区的地下水对人们的身体健康存在潜在威胁,应引起高度重视。Abstract: In order to understand the chemical characteristics of groundwater in the Yihe River Basin, the water quality, and the potential health risks of nitrate to humans, 156 groundwater samples collected in the dry and abundant seasons of 2017 were selected, and mathematical statistics, Piper three-line diagrams, and Shukarev were used. Classification, Gibbs model, and ion ratio methods are used to analyze the main ion characteristics of groundwater in the Yihe River Basin and its formation mechanism. Fuzzy evaluation and health risk assessment models are used to evaluate the health risks of groundwater quality and nitrate pollution. The results show that the main cation in the dry and high seasons of the study area is Ca2+, and the main dominant anion is${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ . According to TDS, they belong to fresh water and brackish water. The water chemistry types vary greatly in space, with 11 types appearing. HCO3·SO4-Ca type is the main type; the water chemical composition is mainly controlled by the weathering and dissolution of carbonate rocks. The quality of groundwater in the study area is poor, mainly Grade IV water, with dry and high water periods accounting for 51.2% and 41.0% respectively. The health risk assessment results show that the study area is dry and abundant. The average health risks to adults are 1.41 and 1.47, respectively, and children are 2.62 and 2.75. Nitrate has a higher health risk. Long-term drinking of groundwater in this area poses a potential threat to people’s health and should be taken seriously. -
表 1 地下水水化学统计结果(mg·L−1)
Table 1. Statistical results of groundwater hydrochemistry(mg·L−1)
季节Period Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ Cl− ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ COD 总硬度 TDS pH 枯水期 平均值 139.49 28.80 26.11 3.55 289.91 130.92 56.68 89.93 3.04 469.08 781.80 7.76 最大值 336.17 101.70 110.20 41.91 536.67 902.15 264.34 259.05 11.49 1066.29 1629.99 8.38 最小值 50.97 8.22 5.38 0.26 124.98 7.53 7.02 5.00 1.37 185.86 359.70 6.94 标准差 45.54 14.14 18.96 5.60 75.17 112.28 37.75 69.30 1.88 143.99 231.54 0.21 变异系数% 32.65 49.09 72.59 157.84 25.93 85.76 66.61 77.05 61.88 30.70 29.62 2.76 丰水期 平均值 140.34 27.59 28.23 3.18 328.01 115.33 50.40 95.54 1.91 466.19 801.73 7.11 最大值 279.75 80.07 125.14 42.19 576.64 398.61 185.17 280.36 15.21 893.83 1461.58 7.78 最小值 1.44 2.39 3.50 0.36 118.99 5.46 6.44 5.68 0.90 13.56 412.33 6.19 标准差 48.25 12.86 21.42 5.42 91.50 67.90 31.98 69.17 1.71 148.07 227.91 0.40 变异系数% 34.38 46.61 75.88 170.59 27.90 58.88 63.45 72.40 89.69 31.76 28.43 5.57 表 2 地下水模糊综合评价结果统计
Table 2. Statistics of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results of groundwater
季节Period 水质等级Water quality grade 数量Amount 占比/% Percentage 枯水期 Ⅰ类 6 7.7 Ⅱ类 0 0 Ⅲ类 14 18.0 Ⅳ类 40 51.2 Ⅴ类 18 23.1 丰水期 Ⅰ类 6 7.7 Ⅱ类 0 0 Ⅲ类 18 23.1 Ⅳ类 32 41.0 Ⅴ类 22 28.2 -
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