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近年来,随着我国工业化进程的不断加快,土壤污染问题越来越严重[1]。钢铁厂、煤气厂和石油化工厂等企业在运营过程中产生大量多环芳烃,使得厂区及周边土壤中多环芳烃的含量极高[2]。多环芳烃具有低水溶性,很难被植物吸收或被微生物降解去除[3];加之污染物与土壤颗粒的长时间接触,对其吸附与老化的作用时间延长,使得这类有机污染物更难被去除[4-5]。因此,土壤中多环芳烃的有效去除成为土壤污染修复的难点之一。
目前,基于土壤淋洗技术的化学修复法得到广泛应用[6]。淋洗法具有适用范围广、处理容量大、效果显著等优点,是一种有效的污染土壤修复方法[7]。李爽等[8]以表面活性剂为淋洗剂对炼焦煤气厂污染土壤进行修复,提出复配表面活性剂TX-100/SDS对多环芳烃有显著的增溶效果。王晓光等[9]采用生物柴油作为淋洗剂对污染土壤中的高浓度多环芳烃进行淋洗去除。还有研究[2]对比了非食用性植物油、生物柴油、表面活性剂及其乳化合成的微乳液作为淋洗剂的增溶效果,结果表明乳化合成的微乳液对原污染土壤中多环芳烃具有更显著的洗脱作用。
微乳液是由两种不相溶的液体在表面活性剂界面膜的作用下形成透明且热力学稳定的均相分散体系,通常由油相、水相、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂(简称助剂)构成[10-11],具有稳定、节能高效、界面张力低和增溶能力强等特点[12]。现阶段,微乳液已应用于萃取、纳米材料和药物载体制备,在石油工业和食品等领域也有应用[13]。但是,在土壤淋洗方面应用较少。如何利用微乳液的性质制备高效的土壤淋洗剂还有待进一步的研究。本研究以表面活性剂及助表面活性剂、生物柴油、去离子水制备的微乳液作为洗脱去除污染土壤中多环芳烃的新型淋洗剂,以期在尽可能降低成本的前提下达到理想的去除效果,为污染土壤中多环芳烃的去除提供新方法,也为其他污染物的去除提供新思路。
生物柴油基微乳液的制备及其对钢铁厂多环芳烃污染土壤的修复性能
Preparation of biodiesel-based microemulsion and its performance on the remediation of a steelworks soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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摘要: 针对场地土壤中高浓度多环芳烃较难去除的问题,利用微乳液具有界面张力低、增溶能力强和体系稳定的特点,制备了污染土壤淋洗修复剂。采用表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、生物柴油为主要组分制备微乳液,优化微乳液最佳组分配比及制备条件,并比较表面活性剂、复配表面活性剂、生物柴油和微乳液等不同类型淋洗剂对钢铁厂污染土壤中多环芳烃的去除效果。结果表明,最佳微乳液组分及pH条件为:7.7% Tween-80、7.7% TX-100、15.4%正丁醇、20.5%生物柴油、pH=7。在不同类型的淋洗剂中,微乳液淋洗剂对多环芳烃的去除率最高(89.7%),显著高于其他类型淋洗剂的效果。多环芳烃的去除率与淋洗剂和土壤的液固比、洗脱振荡时间等有关,确定的微乳液最佳修复条件为:液固比为4∶1、洗脱振荡时间为8 h。按混合表面活性剂与生物柴油比为6∶4制备的微乳液洗脱效果最佳。本研究结果可为高效去除污染土壤中多环芳烃打下基础。Abstract: Aiming at the difficulties in the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with high concentrations from contaminated soil, the washing agent for remediation of contaminated soil was prepared based on the characteristics of low interfacial tension, high solubility ability and stable system for microemulsion. Surfactants Tween-80 and TX-100, cosurfactant n-butanol, and biodiesel were taken as main components to prepare microemulsions. Component ratios and preparation conditions of the microemulsions were optimized, and the removal efficiencies of PAHs from a contaminated steelworks soil were compared among different kinds of washing agents: surfactants and their mixtures, biodiesel and the microemulsion. The results showed that the optimum microemulsion components were 7.7% Tween-80, 7.7% TX-100, 15.4% n-butanol and 20.5% biodiesel, and the optimum microemulsion preparation pH was7. Among different types of washing agents, the removal rate of PAHs by the microemulsion washing agent was the highest (89.7%), which was significantly higher than those by other types of washing agents. The removal rate of PAHs was related to the liquid-solid ratio of the washing agent and soil, and shaking time; the optimal conditions for the remediation with the microemulsion was liquid-solid ratio of 4∶1 and shaking time of 8 h. The microemulsion prepared with surfactant mixture-biodiesel ratio of 6∶4 showed the best soil washing effect and PAH removal. The microemulsion washing agent prepared in this study provides a new method for the efficient removal of PAHs in contaminated soil.
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表 1 钢铁厂土壤中多环芳烃的浓度
Table 1. PAH concentrations in the steelworks soil
多环芳烃 浓度/(mg·kg−1) 标准差 多环芳烃 浓度/(mg·kg−1) 标准差 萘 0.043 36 0.003 66 苯并[a]蒽 4.245 87 0.351 26 苊 0.365 28 0.075 89 䓛 9.276 58 0.763 30 芴 3.481 9 0.387 97 苯并[b]荧蒽 6.450 66 0.647 64 苊烯 3.060 1 0.200 18 苯并[k]荧蒽 1.984 52 0.336 15 菲 8.187 43 0.341 04 苯并[a]芘 3.673 85 0.452 91 蒽 1.948 68 0.361 64 二苯并[a,h]蒽 1.170 91 0.175 42 荧蒽 9.539 02 1.458 19 苯并[g,h,i]苝 4.564 38 0.534 88 芘 1.773 57 0.228 66 茚并[1, 2, 3-cd]芘 10.301 81 1.319 67 -
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