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2016—2018年,我国平均工业用水量为3 005.5亿m3,占总用水量的20%以上,且用水效率偏低。其中,食品加工、制革、纺织印染、石油化工、煤化工和制药等行业均产生大量高盐废水,约占总废水量的5%,且产生量还在持续增加[1]。高盐废水中盐类物质主要为Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl−、
$ {\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$ 等,且含有机物和至少1%的总含盐量(通常以NaCl含量计)[1]。高盐废水若未经处理直接排放,会污染环境、破坏生态系统,还会造成资源的浪费[2]。2015年,国务院印发《水污染防治行动计划》(水十条),对十大重点行业提出了专项整治要求(造纸、焦化、氮肥、有色金属、印染、农副食品加工、原料药制造、制革、农药、电镀),要求制定行业专项治理方案并实施清洁化改造,实现“趋零排放”以最大限度地降低环境污染、减少危险废物,并回收可再生资源[3]。同时,愈发严格的环境监管政策、不断增加的淡水价值和持续上升的废水处理成本,促使“趋零排放”成为可持续废水管理的必要策略[4]。目前,高盐废水“趋零排放”是指采用封闭水循环系统,废水经过适当处理后实现重复使用,系统中无任何废水排放。这种体系可消除废水排放造成的污染,并极大地提高用水效率[5]。实现“趋零排放”的处理流程中,核心技术为高盐废水盐浓缩与连续结晶技术。高盐废水的浓缩常采用热法蒸发进行。浓缩产生的蒸馏水被收集起来重新利用,而产生的母液则通过后续蒸发结晶成固体,而作为有价值的盐副产品进行回收[6]。然而,热法脱盐为能源密集型产业,投资运行成本高,不适合处理大流量废水,是限制其广泛工业应用的最主要障碍之一[7]。因此,在蒸发结晶前,通常会利用其他技术预先浓缩废水,以提高废水含盐量并减少废水体积,进而降低工艺能耗及成本[8]。
在膜分离技术中,利用压力驱动脱盐的反渗透(reverse osmosis,RO)技术不需要进行相变实现盐水分离,消除了与蒸发和冷凝相关的不可逆损失,其模块化特性也为其应用于废水处理提供了通用性。因此,RO技术被广泛应用于“趋零排放”系统中。然而,RO浓缩液的盐度一般为5%~7%,若要达到更高浓度还需使用超高压反渗透或碟管式反渗透,技术的稳定性较差,且无法大规模的工程应用。近年来,新型膜浓缩技术,如正向渗透(forward osmosis,FO)、膜蒸馏(membrane distillation,MD)和电渗析(electrodialysis,ED)等,已成为研究热点。这些膜技术可将RO浓缩液的盐度从5%~7%提高至15%~20%,大幅降低投资与运行成本[9-13]。其中,ED技术可实现海水制盐,将海水含盐量浓缩至20%,再利用热法蒸发结晶。该技术已成为日本海水制盐的主流工艺。但高盐废水的浓缩不同于海水制盐,废水中的杂盐及有机污染是制约废盐资源化的核心问题。目前,常用纳滤和冷冻结晶等技术进行分质结晶,以提高“趋零排放”系统中结晶盐的纯度。但其中的膜污染、无机盐溶解度对温度不敏感等导致分盐效率降低的问题仍不可忽视[14]。这些有机污染问题常用高级氧化、热解、絮凝和电解等技术处理,但相关技术的成本较高,且会引入新的化学药剂[15-17]。ED技术因其选择性分离溶解性离子的优势,可在电场力作用下低成本、高效率地实现分质浓缩,将杂盐纯化并与有机物分离。
ED技术是指在膜两侧电势差的推动下,带正、负电荷的电解质离子分别通过阳膜和阴膜进行从淡室向浓室的定向迁移,从而对料液进行浓缩、脱盐和提纯等过程[18]。在“趋零排放”系统中,ED因具有良好的料液浓缩性能和较低的能量消耗,常用于浓缩蒸发结晶前的高盐废水。提高废水的含盐量并对水中有机物的迁移进行调控,最终提高整个废水处理系统与稳定性,同时降低投资运行的成本投入[19]。已有研究表明,ED技术可低成本地将高盐废水含盐量浓缩至20%左右。处理相同浓度的高盐废水,热法浓缩能耗为20~25 kWh·m−3,而ED技术仅需7~15 kWh·m−3[6]。此外,ED技术对进料液的水质要求较低,预处理程序较少,结垢程度较轻,也减少了对化学药剂的使用和依赖[20]。传统ED技术主要应用于脱盐。近年来,因高盐废水“趋零排放”的技术需求,以溶解性离子选择性分离为核心的新型选择性ED技术成为研究热点。本文综述该技术在高盐废水处理中的应用现状,从高盐废水浓缩、杂盐纯化、有机物分离3方面总结研究进展,并梳理出新型ED技术的发展方向,以期为利用ED技术实现高盐废水“趋零排放”提供参考,亦为相关工业废水的处理及达标排放提供技术借鉴。
基于“趋零排放”的高盐废水电渗析浓缩技术研究进展
Research progress on near-zero discharge of high-salt wastewater using electrodialysis concentration technology
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摘要: 工业废水“趋零排放”已成为相关水处理技术领域的目标策略。高盐废水是一种典型的工业难降废水,处理过程中存在浓缩成本较高、杂盐及有机物污染等问题。电渗析技术可以选择性分离溶解性离子,近年来已成为高盐废水实现“趋零排放”目标的热门研究技术。系统梳理了电渗析技术在高盐废水浓缩、杂盐纯化、有机物分离等方面的研究进展,并介绍了以溶解性离子选择性分离为核心的新型电渗析技术,总结了单价选择性离子交换膜、新型选择性电渗析膜堆和膜污染控制等热点研究方向的最新进展。上述综述内容可为利用电渗析技术实现高盐废水“趋零排放”提供参考,也可为相关工业废水的处理及达标排放提供技术借鉴。Abstract: There has been a focus in the water treatment field to achieving near-zero liquid discharge of industrial wastewater. High-salt wastewater is a typical industrial waste stream with high concentration cost, impurity salt and organic pollution, which is difficult to reduce. Electrodialysis has the characteristics of selective separation of dissolved ions, and becoming one potential solution to satisfying near-zero discharge of high-salt wastewater. In this paper, the research progress of electrodialysis in the fields of concentration of high-salt wastewater, purification of hybrid salts and separation of organic compounds was systematically reviewed, accompanying with comprehensive summaries in relation to emerging electrodialysis technologies with the aim of selective separation of dissolved ions. The hot research directions including monovalent selective ion exchange membrane, new selective electrodialysis membrane reactor and membrane pollution control are then summarized. This review can provide a reference for promotion in realization of near-zero discharge of high salt wastewater by electrodialysis, and also offer technical implications for the appropriate treatment and safe discharge of relevant industrial wastewater.
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