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随着人类社会的飞速发展,水资源的利用程度日益提升,水资源短缺问题受到了人们的广泛关注[1]。工业生产过程会消耗大量的洁净水,并相应排出大量难降解废水,出于经济方面的考虑,这些废水的处理方法仍以生物处理为主[2-10]。然而,生物处理出水中会残余一定量的有机物[9,11-14]。出水有机物(enflluent organic matter,EfOM)中包括有难降解物质、降解残余物、中间产物、终产物、复杂的有机物,以及溶解性微生物代谢产物(soluble microbial products,SMP)。生物处理二级出水中EfOM或SMP的存在及其特点对于生物处理的出水水质及深度处理的效率会有较大的影响。同时这些有机物中的一部分在后续氯化消毒过程中可被转化为消毒副产物[15],与其他难降解的毒性组分一起排放到环境中,会带来水污染及其他水环境问题[16]。因此工业废水深度净化与资源化对于提升我国水环境质量、缓解我国水资源短缺具有重要意义。
膜过滤技术是一种污水处理及深度净化回用技术,具有出水水质好、能耗低、占地小、副产物少、易于升级改造等诸多优点,已逐渐成为该领域的主导技术[17-18]。然而,实际应用中,膜过滤技术存在浓水处理与资源化困难、膜污染严重、对进水水质要求严苛等诸多问题。这些问题加大了运行管理难度,提高了整体工艺的复杂性,拉升了投资及运行成本,限制了膜过滤技术在工业废水深度处理与回用中的进一步推广应用[19]。其中,膜污染问题及膜过滤浓水资源化问题被认为是膜过滤技术的核心问题。膜污染会导致膜通量和膜分离能力下降,使膜处理后水量及水质低于设计要求。为恢复通量,生产过程中通常会进行频繁的化学清洗,导致膜的使用寿命缩短[20]。而现有的聚酰胺膜材料因其耐氧化能力差等原因,限制了氧化法膜污染控制方法的使用,导致控制膜污染变得困难,也增加了预处理的成本。目前,浓水处理的主要技术有蒸发分盐、酸碱再生等。然而,由于难降解工业废水膜过滤浓水往往是有机物、无机盐的混合浓水,其中残留的有机物会在进一步的浓缩、蒸发及资源化过程中使无机盐或再生酸碱的纯度受到影响,最终降低了资源化的品味。同时,有机物的存在也会导致二次母液的排放,进一步提高浓水处理成本。目前,浓水分盐或酸碱回用带来的高昂成本给企业发展带来了较大负担。从水的循环利用角度出发,不必将氯化钠、硫酸钠等视为重要污染物。但若要实现浓水或杂盐的排海等自然消纳过程,浓水中毒性或风险性有机物需要实现深度净化。这也成为膜过滤技术发展过程中的新需求及难点。
基于以上背景,国内外研究者针对工业废水深度净化与回用的特点,持续对膜过滤技术进行改进或者开发新的膜过滤技术与范式,力求进一步降低膜过滤技术的技术壁垒和运行成本。由于目前工业废水处理中所使用的有机膜及无机陶瓷等材质或多或少存在着一定的不足,限制了膜过滤技术的进一步推广应用。因此,寻找具备更好的耐氧化性、亲水性、抗污染性,化学稳定性及更高的水通量的膜材料来制备纳滤膜,可为解决现有的膜存在的问题提供新的思路及方法。氧化石墨烯具有较好的化学稳定性、亲水性以及较低的制备成本。通过过滤自组装、精准刻蚀、逐层自组装、表面接枝、过滤、聚合物共混等方式制备成的氧化石墨烯滤膜具有优异的有机物分离性能、较低的无机盐截留特点,以及良好的抗氧化(氯氧化、自由基氧化)能力、机械性能、较高的渗透性能和抗污性能[20-21]。这些优势有望为解决传统有机膜存在的膜污染、有机物无机盐混合浓水等问题提供新途径,使膜技术更为广泛地应用于工业废水的深度净化与回用中。
本研究从工业废水深度净化的需求出发,综述氧化石墨烯膜制备、性能特点及应用中面临的问题,从膜污染控制等方面总结氧化石墨烯膜的研究现状,以期为氧化石墨烯膜在工业废水中的深度净化与回用技术中的进一步优化提供参考。
面向废水深度净化的氧化石墨烯膜过滤技术
Graphene oxide membrane filtration technology for deep purification of industrial wastewater and its development trend
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摘要: 膜过滤技术作为一种高效、低能耗、二次污染少的技术,已广泛用于工业废水的深度净化与再生中。传统有机膜在工业废水深度净化处理中存在着耐氧化性不足、使用条件苛刻、膜污染控制困难等问题。同时,膜过滤过程中产生的有机物/无机盐混合浓水也阻碍了浓水的资源化利用。氧化石墨烯膜作为下一代的膜材料具有更好的耐氧化性、亲水性,且制备成本低廉,对有机物与无机盐的分离性能优异,有望在工业废水的深度净化与回用中得到广泛应用。在阅读文献资料的基础上,梳理了氧化石墨烯膜的制备、性能特点,采用氧化石墨烯膜过滤技术进行工业废水深度净化的研究现状及尚待解决的问题,如材料的稳定性能及膜污染控制等。最后指出氧化石墨烯膜过滤技术在未来应逐步实现应用放大,并在工业废水深度净化、实现水与资源回用,达到近“零排放”的水处理过程中发挥重要作用。Abstract: Membrane filtration technology as a technology with high efficiency, low energy consumption and less generation of new pollutants, has been widely used in the deep purification and regeneration of industrial wastewater. Traditional organic membranes have beed disadvantaged by insufficient oxidation resistance, harsh use conditions, and difficult membrane fouling control in the deep purification of industrial wastewater. At the same time, the resultant concentrated organic and inorganic salts in the membrane filtration process also hinders the resource utilization of the concentrated streams. As an emerging membrane material, graphene oxide membrane has better oxidation resistance and hydrophilicity. Meanwhile, its preparation cost is relatively low, and the separation characteristics of organic matter and inorganic salt is better. It is expected to be widely used in the deep purification and reuse of industrial wastewater. Based on the literature which has been read, this article summarizes the preparation and performance characteristics of graphene oxide membranes, as well as the current research status and problems by using graphene oxide membrane filtration technology in industrial wastewater deep purification, such as the stability of materials and membrane fouling control, etc. Finally, it is suggested that graphene oxide membrane filtration technology should gradually achieve application amplification in the future, and exploring its role in deep purification of industrial wastewater, realization of water and resource reuse, and nearly “zero discharge” water treatment process.
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表 1 氧化石墨烯膜的层间交联
Table 1. Interlayer crosslinking of graphene oxide membrane
表 2 氧化石墨烯膜的膜污染控制
Table 2. Membrane fouling control of graphene oxide membrane
添加物 基膜材质 膜污染控制效果 来源 氧化石墨烯 聚偏氟乙烯 膜与疏水污染物之间黏附力降低、膜表面滤饼层难以形成 [30] 氧化石墨烯 聚醚砜 膜表面对有机污染物排斥力增强、防污性能提高30% [60] 全氟磺酸、氧化石墨烯 聚偏氟乙烯 膜对牛血清蛋白和腐殖酸分别有93.9%和79.6%的排斥率、膜表面粗糙度降低 [62] 两性离子、氧化石墨烯 聚偏氟乙烯 膜表面对蛋白质类污染物排斥力增强、膜表面不可逆污垢从59.8%降到4.7% [63] 碳纳米管、氧化石墨烯 聚偏氟乙烯 膜表面粗糙度降低、亲水性提高、防污实验表明FFR从51.96%提高到60.57% [64] 氧化石墨烯 聚醚砜 膜污染中可逆污染占比升高达到98%以上、污垢阻力降低 [57] 银纳米颗粒、氧化石墨烯 聚偏氟乙烯 膜表面亲水性和静电斥力的增强提高了膜对于溶解性有机质的防污能力 [65] 氧化石墨烯 聚醚砜 膜表面具有高亲水性和光滑的表面、膜污染过滤实验通量下降幅度很小 [66] 氧化锌、氧化石墨烯、
聚乙烯比咯烷酮聚醚砜 膜表面亲水性升高有效减少了膜污有机污染物之间作用力、膜对有机污染物的
排斥率增加、发生膜污染后膜通量下降程度减少[67] 氧化石墨烯 聚偏氟乙烯 膜与污染物之间粘附力从0.36 mN·m-1降为零、膜污染现象消失 [61] -
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