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由于避蚊胺(DEET)对蚊子、苍蝇、跳蚤、蜱和其他叮咬昆虫有着显著的驱散效果,且具有成本低廉的优点,自20世纪50年代以来,被广泛的应用于军队和居民中[1]。据报道,美国平均每年要消耗1 800 t的避蚊胺[2]。随着DEET的广泛使用,其在全球的水环境中普遍可见,浓度为ng·L−1~μg·L−1[3]。例如,在美国54条河流中,其中74%的河流都可以检测到DEET,部分河流中DEET的浓度甚至高达1.1 μg·L−1[4];在中国5条主要河流流域的饮用水源中也检测到避蚊胺[5]。DEET具有毒性,在人鼻黏膜细胞中具有潜在的致癌性和遗传毒性[6],因此,对水中DEET的高效去除的研究变得极为重要。
近年来,有研究表明,传统的水处理过程对DEET几乎没有去除效果,ROSSNER等[7]研究表明,吸附剂种类会影响DEET去除率,但整体效果并不明显。而低温等离子体技术由于其具有高效率、优良的环境兼容性等优势,逐渐被广泛用于去除水体中的污染物[8]。在之前的研究中,湿壁介质阻挡放电(DBD)被应用于DEET的降解[9],虽然该技术将产生的等离子气体导入到溶液,但并没有充分的利用等离子气体中的臭氧,因此,单一的DBD等离子体的效果存在进一步的提高。
水中的臭氧可通过铁基材料催化,天然浮石是一种自然界中大量存在的多孔性火山岩,其成本低廉,是理想的天然原料。目前,对于浮石在水处理中应用的研究主要在于其吸附性能或作为一种催化剂载体[10-13]。同时为了进一步提高浮石的性能[14-15],通常负载铁。一些研究结果表明,羟基氧化铁能够催化臭氧,这是因为其表面的羟基官能团能促进臭氧分解并产生羟基自由基[16-17]。然而,纯浮石的催化效率比较有限,且羟基氧化铁的分离又比较困难,YUAN等[18]成功的制备了一种用于催化臭氧的材料α-FeOOH,提高了浮石的催化能力。其作用原理是:该负载材料通过羟基氧化铁催化了臭氧分解。DBD产生的等离子气体中含有较高浓度的臭氧,这些进入溶液的臭氧能否被该材料催化,尚未有相关的研究报道。
基于此,本文对湿壁介质阻挡放电(DBD)协同铁负载浮石降解水中DEET进行了研究。并对影响降解体系的因素进行了研究,分析浮石载羟基氧化铁在反应体系中的作用,并初步探究了DBD协同浮石载羟基氧化铁处理DEET的机制,以期为DEET降解的应用提供参考。
湿壁介质阻挡放电强化浮石载羟基氧化铁降解水中避蚊胺
Degradation of DEET in aqueous solution with Fe-coated pumice enhanced by wetted-wall dielectric barrier discharge plasma
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摘要: 以避蚊胺(DEET)为模型污染物,研究了湿壁介质阻挡放电(DBD)协同浮石载羟基氧化铁去除污染物的可行性。采用浸渍法制备了浮石载羟基氧化铁复合材料,并对其进行了SEM、XRF、XRD、FT-IR和BET表征。同时研究了放电电压、初始pH、催化剂投加量等参数对DEET的去除率的影响。结果表明:在DEET初始浓度为20 mg·L−1、初始pH=7、放电电压为15 kV、催化剂添加量为0.45 g时,反应27 min后,DEET的去除率为90.52%,且经过4次循环使用后,材料对DEET仍然具有较高的去除率;相比于单一的湿壁介质阻挡放电,DEET去除率提高了13.22%,一级动力学反应速率提高了62.26%。最后讨论了DBD强化浮石载羟基氧化铁去除DEET的可能机制。以上研究结果可为DBD技术去除水中有机污染物的应用提供参考。Abstract: In this study, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) was used as the model pollutant to evaluate the feasibility of pollutants removal by wetted-wall dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) combined with Fe-coated pumice. Fe-coated pumice composites were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by SEM, XRF, XRD, FT-IR and BET. The effects of discharge voltage, initial pH value and catalyst dosage on DEET removal efficiency were also investigated in this system. The results showed that the removal efficiency of DEET was 90.52% when the initial DEET content was 20 mg·L−1, initial pH was 7, discharge voltage was 15 kV, and Fe-coated pumice dosage was 0.45 g and the treatment duration was 27 min. And the catalyst still maintained high removal efficiency for DEET after four cycles. Compared with single wetted-wall dielectric barrier discharge plasma, the removal efficiency of DEET increased by 13.22%, and the first-order kinetic reaction rate increased by 62.26%. At the same time, the concentration of ozone in the system decreased in the presence of catalyst. Finally, the possible mechanism of DBD combined with Fe-coated pumice was discussed. This study can provide theoretical reference for the application of DBD technology in water organic pollutants control.
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表 1 浮石和浮石载羟基氧化铁的比表面积和孔容
Table 1. Surface area and pore volume for pumice and Fe-coated pumice
样品 比表面积/(m2·g−1) 孔径/nm 孔容/(cm3·g−1) 浮石 0.56 22.34 0.003 浮石载羟基
氧化铁9.65 5.99 0.014 -
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