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随着工业的不断发展,印染、石油、制药、食品等行业产生高盐有机废水的规模正在不断扩大,大量高盐有机废水如不处理直接排放,将会对环境造成巨大影响[1]。榨菜生产废水是高盐有机废水的一种,具有盐度高、有机物浓度高等特点。在厌氧消化过程中较高的盐浓度会导致细胞溶解、抑制微生物活性、污泥沉降性变差,大大增加了该类废水的处理难度[2]。传统的厌氧消化反应器如升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB)、厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器(expanded granular sludge bed, EGSB)、内循环厌氧反应器等在处理高盐废水时存在污泥流失、处理效率差、抗冲击能力差等问题[3-5]。
厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane bioreactor,AnMBR)作为一种将膜分离和厌氧处理技术相结合的处理工艺近年来开始逐渐引起人们的广泛关注。由于膜的截留作用,可以使反应器内的微生物被完全截留,提高了系统的污泥浓度和微生物量,有利于耐盐微生物的积累繁殖[6]。金艳青等[7]采用沼气循环厌氧膜生物反应器处理模拟高盐有机废水,发现当温度>22 ℃、进水NaCl浓度<19.21 g·L−1时,系统的COD的去除率高于94%;在温度为14.9~18.1 ℃、进水NaCl浓度分别为17.0~18.0 g·L−1和18.0~19.0 g·L−1时,经短期驯化,对COD的平均去除率分别为83.37%和82.61%。LI等[8]采用PTFE中空纤维厌氧膜生物反应器处理含不同盐度的合成有机废水,经过226 d的运行,NaCl浓度从11 g·L−1升高到35 g·L−1,总COD去除率为97.2%,COD生物去除率为89.9%。由此可见,AnMBR工艺在处理高盐高有机物废水方面具有较好的可行性[9]。
然而目前大多数学者仅仅针对AnMBR处理模拟高盐废水的运行效果进行了研究,关于其在实际高盐废水处理的研究和工程应用则较少。为此,本研究采用AnMBR处理余姚市榨菜行业产生的高盐废水,重点研究了其在低负荷耐盐性驯化启动、有机负荷提升潜力及排泥条件下的厌氧消化性能和膜污染情况,从而获得AnMBR处理高盐榨菜废水最佳运行参数,以期为高盐榨菜废水处理工业化应用提供参考。
AnMBR处理高盐榨菜废水的运行效能及膜污染特性
Operation efficiency and membrane fouling characteristics of an anaerobic membrane reactor treating high-salt mustard tuber wastewater
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摘要: 为了解决高盐榨菜废水的处理问题,对厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane reactor, AnMBR)处理高盐榨菜废水的3个运行阶段(盐度提升阶段、负荷提升阶段和排泥运行阶段)的消化性能和膜污染特性进行了研究。结果表明,当盐度由初始的12.9 g·L−1逐渐升高到33.5 g·L−1左右、且负荷维持在0.5~1.0 kg·(m3·d)−1(以COD计)时,COD去除率及沼气产率随盐度的提升先下降后升高,最后分别稳定在75%和300 mL·g−1(以COD计)以上,低负荷耐盐性驯化方式能够实现AnMBR的快速启动;当负荷逐渐增加约至7.6 kg·(m3·d)−1时,COD去除率达到80%左右,沼气产率稳定在330~380 mL·g−1,VFA/ALK始终低于0.15,这表明AnMBR对高盐榨菜废水具有良好的处理效果和较强的运行稳定性;在排泥运行阶段,AnMBR的COD去除率和沼气产率均有明显上升,分别达到83%和400 mL·g−1左右,这表明排泥可以提高消化性能。此外,排泥有利于减缓膜污染。SEM-EDX表征结果表明,膜面污染物中存在大量的有机物和无机盐类晶体物质,工程应用中建议采用NaClO清洗+酸清洗的组合清洗方式。以上研究结果可以为高盐榨菜废水处理工业化应用提供参考。Abstract: In order to solve the problem of high-salt mustard tuber wastewater treatment, the digestion performance and membrane fouling characteristics of an anaerobic membrane reactor (AnMBR) treating high-salt mustard tuber wastewater at three stages (salinity improvement, organic load rate (OLR) increase and sludge discharge) were studied. The results showed that when the salinity gradually increased from the initial value of 12.9 g·L−1 to 33.5 g·L−1and the OLR maintained at 0.5~1.0 kg·(m3·d)−1(as COD), the COD removal efficiency and biogas yield decreased first and then increased, finally stabilized above 75% and 300 mL·g−1, respectively. Therefore, the acclimation approach with salt tolerance at low OLR could achieve a rapid start-up of AnMBR. When the OLR gradually increased to about 7.6 kg·(m3·d)−1, the COD removal efficiency reached about 80% and the biogas yield was in the range of 330~380 mL·g−1. The VFA/ALK was less than 0.15 at the whole operating process. These results indicated that AnMBR presented good treatment efficiency and robust stability for treating high-salt mustard tuber wastewater. At the stage of sludge discharge, both the COD removal efficiency and biogas yield increased significantly, and reached 83% and 400 mL·g−1, respectively. This indicted that sludge discharge could improve the digestion performance. In addition, the study also found that sludge discharge was beneficial for relieving membrane fouling. Via SEM-EDX analysis indicated that a large amount of organic substances and inorganic salt crystal substances appeared on the membrane surface. Therefore, it is recommended to use a combined cleaning method with sodium hypochlorite and acid cleaning in engineering applications. This study can provide experience reference for the industrial application of high-salt mustard tuber wastewater treatment.
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