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随着我国污水处理规模的迅速发展,污泥产量也逐年剧增。截至2015年底,我国脱水污泥年产量超过3×107 t,预计2020年污泥产量将再增加1倍[1-2]。因此,污泥的处置是我国目前面临的一大难题。污泥堆肥可以杀死有害细菌,增加和稳定其中的腐殖质,降低所含重金属的毒性效应[3-4]。因此,腐熟污泥农用是一种消纳污泥的有效途径[5-6]。我国颁布的土地改良泥质、农用泥质和园林绿化泥质标准规定了污泥使用量、污泥累计使用量、连续使用年限和施用频率的要求,但针对腐熟污泥在具体土壤类型上如何施用并没有相关要求[7]。石灰性土壤作为广泛分布在我国干旱和半干旱地区的土壤类型,其碱性特征使其容易和重金属形成难溶性氢氧化物等沉淀[8]。因此,该类土壤对重金属污染表现出“不敏感性”特征,该特征极易导致污泥过量施用而造成土壤质量的降低[9]。
土壤微生物是土壤生态系统中最活跃的成分,污泥施用造成土壤pH,阳离子交换量,电导率和团聚体稳定性等理化性质发生变化[10-13],这些变化又对土壤微生物活性、微生物种类、数量、分布等多样性产生影响[14-17]。其中需要关注的根际土壤微生物多样性是表征外源物质引起土壤质量变化的敏感指标[18],该多样性的变化值得重视。
已有研究[19]表明,石灰性土壤中微生物学特征及其微生物群落结构对调节土壤养分供应有重要作用,污泥添加同样会对石灰性土壤微生物量以及碳、氮等微生物学性质产生影响[20],且上述影响除与土壤性质和作物系统有关外[20-21],不同污泥的施用量和施用时期长短也是影响土壤微生物性质及其多样性的重要因素[22-24]。目前,污泥施用对根际和非根际石灰性土壤中细菌多样性差异的研究还较少,尤其是过量施用污泥对土壤微生物特征变化的影响尚缺乏研究。因此,开展不同用量腐熟污泥对石灰性土壤细菌多样性特征影响研究,可为其在石灰性土壤中施用的生物学质量评价和合理施用策略提供参考。
污泥施用对根际和非根际石灰性土壤中细菌多样性的影响
Effects of sludge addition on bacterial diversity in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere calcareous soil
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摘要: 为研究污泥施用对石灰性土壤细菌多样性的影响,在连续2年种植夏玉米大田系统中,施用不同量的腐熟污泥,采集根际和非根际土壤进行16S rDNA-V3-V4区高通量测序,分析污泥施用对石灰性土壤细菌丰富度、多样性指数、群落结构、功能基因在代谢途径的影响,同时对细菌群落和环境因素之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明:污泥用量分别在3.5~37.5 t·hm−2和3.5~7.5 t·hm−2有利于非根际和根际土壤OTU数量增加;但污泥在75 t·hm−2过量施用时,根际和非根际土壤细菌的Shannon多样性指数显著降低,Simpson指数显著增加,Ace,Chao丰富度指数显著降低。主成分和门水平物种丰度分析表明:污泥施用量不同会造成根际和非根际细菌群落结构差异,并且当污泥施用量为75 t·hm−2时,明显降低了非根际土壤放线菌门的丰度;污泥施用量在3.75~37.5 t·hm−2时,非根际土壤中拟杆菌门丰度会明显增加。与对照相比,当污泥用量为75 t·hm−2时,根际土壤拟杆菌门有明显的增加,增加丰度达1.45倍,但酸杆菌门和放线菌门丰度降低了49.74%和80.57%。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤TN、Cd、Cu、TP是影响土壤细菌群落最主要的因素,其中TN、Cd、Cu和细菌Shannon、Simpson多样性指数呈现显著相关性(P< 0.05)。由此可见,连续过量施入污泥会对根际和非根际石灰性土壤中细菌多样性造成不利影响,而且上述微生物多样性变化可作为污泥合理施用的判断依据。Abstract: In order to study the effects of sludge application on bacterial diversity of calcareous soil, different amounts of compost sludge were applied in a 2 consecutive year-summer maize field system. The high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA-V3-V4 region was carried out for collected rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. Effects of sludge application on bacterial richness, diversity index, community formation and functional genes were analyzed. The correlation between bacterial community and environmental factors was also determined. The results showed that the amounts of OTU in these two kinds of soil increased at sludge addition amounts of 3.5~37.5 t·hm−2 in non-rhizosphere soil and 3.5~7.5 t·hm−2 in rhizosphere soil, respectively. However, at sludge addition amounts above 75 t·hm−2, Shannon index of bacterial diversity in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil decreased significantly, Simpson index increased significantly, Ace and Chao indices for bacterial abundance also decreased significantly. Principal component and phylum-level species abundance analysis showed that different sludge addition amount could cause the differences in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere bacterial community structure, and the abundance of actinobacteria in non-rhizosphere soil was significantly reduced at the sludge addition amount of 75 t·hm−2. The abundance of Bacteroidetes in non-rhizosphere soil increased significantly at the sludge addition amounts of 3.75~37.5 t·hm−2. Compared with the control, at the sludge addition amount of 75 t·hm−2, the abundance of Bacteroidetes in rhizosphere soil increased by 1.45 times, but the abundances of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria decreased by 49.74% and 80.57%, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil TN, Cd, Cu and TP were the most important factors affecting soil bacterial community, among which TN, Cd, Cu were significantly correlated with Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes (P<0.05). Therefore, the continuous and excessive sludge application can adversely affect bacterial diversity in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere calcareous soil, Moreover, the changes of microbial diversity indices mentioned above can be used as a basis for the rational sludge application.
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Key words:
- sludge /
- calcareous soil /
- rhizosphere /
- non-rhizosphere /
- bacterial diversity
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表 1 土壤和腐熟污泥基本理化性质
Table 1. Basic physic-chemical properties of soil and compost sludge
供试材料 有机质/% 总氮/(g·kg−1) 总磷/(g·kg−1) 总钾/(g·kg−1) pH 碱解氮/(g·kg−1) 有效磷/(g·kg−1) 有效钾/(g·kg−1) 土壤 0.54±0.03 0.48±0.03 0.78±0.04 1.94±0.19 8.01±0.03 0.032±0.002 0.015±0.001 0.031±0.002 污泥 41.64±3.55 20.23±2.67 10.21±0.60 2.21±0.04 8.04±0.02 2.047±0.01 0.058±0.002 0.110±0.003 注:数据为平均数和标准差分析。 表 2 污泥和土壤中重金属的含量
Table 2. Heavy metals content of soil and compost sludge
供试材料 Pb Zn Cu Cr Cd As Hg 土壤 2.35±0.36 53.98±2.46 52.79±1.89 76.43±0.82 0.49±0.01 28.05±1.12 0.029±0.001 污泥 5.53±0.23 269.08±9.33 206.39±9.01 173.99±10.5 1.19±0.16 48.08±2.23 0.035±0.001 注:数据为平均数和标准差分析。 表 3 污泥施用对非根际和根际土壤各参数影响
Table 3. Effects of sludge application on parameters of non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere soil
参数 非根际土壤 根际土壤 A01 A03 A05 A07 A09 A02 A04 A06 A08 A10 pH 8.18±0.02a 8.16±0.01a 8.13±0.01a 8.08±0.01b 7.96±0.02c 7.96±0.02a 7.95±0.01a 7.92±0.01ab 7.86±0.01b 7.76±0.02c EC/(μS·cm−1) 69.67±1.12d 74.00±1.00cd 76.67±1.15c 82.48±2.19b 92.33±2.31a 120.33±10.79c 124.67±3.06c 156±13.23b 175.33±13.05b 208.673±12.06a 有机质/(g·kg−1) 5.57±0.37b 5.80±0.02b 6.33±0.20b 9.54±0.41a 10.40±0.54a 8.48±0.32b 8.55±1.01b 10.00±0.69b 12.38±0.59a 14.11±1.36a 总氮/(g·kg−1) 0.49±0.02c 0.52±0.02c 0.64±0.01b 0.66±0.02b 0.83±0.03a 0.36±0.02c 0.40±0.02c 0.52±0.01b 0.55±0.04b 0.72±0.03a 总磷/(g·kg−1) 0.77±0.03d 0.79±0.02cd 0.88±0.04bc 0.90±0.02b 1.02±0.06a 0.64±0.03c 0.66±0.02c 0.73±0.04bc 0.76±0.02b 0.88±0.05a Pb/(mg·kg−1) 5.21±0.17c 5.51±0.12bc 5.67±0.16ab 5.89±0.14ab 6.00±0.16a 4.39±0.22c 4.65±0.14c 4.78±0.20bc 5.10±0.076ab 5.25±0.07a Zn/(mg·kg−1) 53.86±3.35d 57.95±2.97d 68.60±1.85c 83.73±3.26b 96.30±4.57a 50.67±2.7d 55.58±5.53d 65.85±2.28c 80.16±1.44b 93.83±2.61a Cu/(mg·kg−1) 54.19±4.03c 59.31±2.31c 84.03±4.58b 89.20±1.73b 115.77±4.51a 49.05±2.39c 52.96±2.96c 78.35±4.05b 81.72±3.17b 105.24±6.91a Cr/(mg·kg−1) 81.28±2.23c 86.83±1.54bc 91.86±2.66ab 92.15±2.24ab 94.96±4.48a 74.59±2.13b 78.93±1.44b 85.74±2.22a 88.14±1.82a 90.70±2.29a Cd/(mg·kg−1) 0.41±0.01d 0.43±0.01d 0.49±0.02c 0.60±0.02b 0.74±0.03a 0.36±0.01d 0.39±0.01cd 0.45±0.02c 0.56±0.03b 0.69±0.04a As/(mg·kg−1) 28.76±1.22c 32.37±1.65b 35.70±0.75a 36.17±0.39a 38.22±1.31a 33.73±5.83b 34.68±4.95b 41.05±3.76ab 43.42±2.89ab 46.94±1.76a Hg/(mg·kg−1) — — — — — — — — — — 注:数据为平均数和标准差分析,每行根际和非根际样品中不同小写字母表示各处理平均值具有显著差异(P<0.05),“—”表示未检出。 表 4 污泥施用对石灰性土壤细菌多样性和丰度影响
Table 4. Effects of sludge application on bacterial diversity and abundance in calcareous soil
污泥施用量/
(t·hm−2)Shannon Simpson Ace Chao 非根际 根际 非根际 根际 非根际 根际 非根际 根际 0 (6.36±0.07)a (6.41±0.12)a (0.004 3±0.000 1)c (0.004 5±0.000 1)c (1 166.06±15.89)c (1 670.20±15.53)b (1 645.37±17.32)c (1 700.84±21.52)b 3.5 (6.38±0.04)a (6.39±0.07)a (0.005 1±0.000 1)b (0.004 8±0.000 2)c (1 727.57±17.55)b (1 754.11±18.59)a (1 750.75±21.00)b (1 759.19±20.59)a 7.5 (6.36±0.12)a (6.37±0.10)a (0.005 1±0.000 1)b (0.005 7±0.000 2)b (1 789.14±17.93)a (1 721.38±17.62)ab (1 785.98+18.95)ab (1 743.80±10.00)ab 37.5 (6.42±0.09)a (6.51± 0.09)a (0.004 2±0.000 1)c (0.003 2±0.000 1)d (1 825.15±26.45)a (1 758.09±29.94)a (1 822.54±9.85)a (1 779.62±22.39)a 75 (6.15±0.04)b (5.98±0.03)b (0.009 4±0.000 1)a (0.009 8±0.000 1)a (1 657.49±13.80)c (1 599.57±21.53)c (1 657.17±17.23)c (1 637.26±14.00)c 注:数据为平均数和标准差分析,每列中不同小写字母表示各处理平均值的显著性差异 (P<0.05)。 表 5 土壤参数与微生物多样性指数之间的相关分析
Table 5. Correlation coefficients between soil properties and microbial diversity index
多样性指数 pH 有机质 总氮 总磷 EC Pb Zn Cu Cd Shannon 0.428 −0.457 −0.635* −0.550 −0.343 −0.277 −0.591 −0.630* −0.648* Simpson −0.470 0.469 0.642* 0.550 0.324 0.255 0.601 0.667* 0.654* Ace 0.268 −0.175 −0.081 −0.029 2 −0.265 0.198 −0.052 −0.061 7 −0.134 Chao 0.244 −0.164 −0.183 −0.142 −0.195 0.098 −0.124 −0.149 7 −0.223 注:*显著相关 (P<0.05)。 -
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