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双酚类化合物(bisphenols,简称BPs)是一系列由碳或硫原子桥连两个对羟苯基形成的化合物,其结构示意图如图1所示. 这些化合物被广泛应用于聚碳酸酯和环氧树脂的生产,存在于婴儿奶瓶、塑料水瓶、食品储存容器、牙齿填充物、热敏纸和压敏纸、纸币、收据和玩具等物品中. 此外,它们还被用于隐形眼镜、新生儿培养箱和雾化器等医疗设备和医疗保健服务中[1-2]. 通过食用聚碳酸酯容器或涂有环氧树脂的易拉罐容器等包装的食物,人们会面临直接的BPs暴露风险. 其中,双酚A(bisphenol A,简称BPA)是最早生产使用的一种BPs. 自从1938年Dodds等首次报道了BPA对大鼠具有雌激素效应以来[3],大量研究发现BPA与肥胖、糖尿病、乳腺癌、心血管疾病、肾脏疾病、慢性呼吸道疾病、牙齿发育障碍、行为障碍和生殖障碍等一系列健康问题有关[4-5]. BPA对中枢神经系统、心血管系统、免疫系统、呼吸系统和肾脏系统都有不利影响,而且能穿透胎盘屏障直接影响胎儿[6].
随着人们对BPA毒性的深入了解,多个国家陆续出台了限制或禁止BPA生产和使用的政策. 进而,越来越多的新型BPs被用作BPA的替代品投入生产和使用. 目前,主要的BPA替代品包括双酚F(bisphenol F,BPF)、双酚AF(bisphenol AF,BPAF)、双酚S(bisphenol S,BPS)、双酚B(bisphenol B,BPB)、双酚Z(bisphenol Z,BPZ)、二甲基双酚A(dimethylbisphenol A,DMBPA)等,本文亦将四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)与常见BPA替代品一并归入BPs进行讨论分析,具体化学结构见图2. 其中,BPF、BPS和BPAF是聚碳酸酯和环氧树脂制造中最主要的BPA替代品,应用非常广泛[2]. 例如,BPF可用于清漆、衬垫、黏合剂、塑料水管以及牙科密封剂、口腔修复装置、组织替代品和食品包装涂层的生产[7];BPS可用于环氧胶、罐头涂料、热敏纸的生产,以及染料和鞣剂的添加剂[8];BPAF被用作氟橡胶、电子和光纤中的交联剂,以及聚酰亚胺、聚碳酸酯和其他特种聚合物的高性能单体等[9-10]. BPs在环境水体、饮用水及生物体中的检出率和浓度也越来越高[2,11],因此人类面临着日益升高的BPs暴露风险. 需要注意的是,这些BPs也并非完全安全. 例如,BPS具有复杂的内分泌干扰效应,而BPF则存在轻度到中度急性毒性和弱雌激素活性[12-13]. 更值得关注的是,BPs进入人体后会经历一系列生物代谢转化,形成多种代谢产物,产生未知毒性效应,因而对人类生命健康的影响不容小觑[14]. 因此,对新型BPs生物代谢机理开展研究,进一步评估其代谢转化的安全性,有助于减小BPs对人体健康造成的可能危害,寻找最佳BPA替代产品. 本文对BPA及其替代品等BPs的实验和计算代谢研究方法、代谢产物鉴定方法及反应分子机制理论解析等方面的研究进展进行了回顾总结和展望.
双酚类化合物的生物代谢机理研究进展
Research progresses of biotransformation mechanisms of bisphenols
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摘要: 以双酚A(bisphenol A,简称BPA)及其替代物为代表的双酚类化合物(bisphenols,简称BPs)在各种环境介质、食品、消费品以及人类和动物体中被广泛检出,表明BPs存在全球性大规模污染趋势. 除了BPs自身毒性外,其在生物体内的转化代谢产物可能具有比母体化合物更复杂的内分泌干扰效应和毒性效应,对于人体生命健康的影响不容小觑. 本文就BPs生物代谢的实验和理论计算研究方法及其取得的研究成果等方面进行回顾总结,在分析现有研究存在的问题和不足上对未来的研究重点提出了展望.Abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) and its substitutes, as representatives of phenolic compounds (BPs), have been widely detected in various environmental media, foods, consumer products, and human and animal bodies, indicating a pervasive global contamination trend. Beyond their inherent toxicity, BPs’ transformation metabolites within organisms may exhibit more complex endocrine-disrupting and toxic effects than the parent compounds, with significant implications for human health. This paper presents a comprehensive review and summary of experimental and theoretical research methods employed in studying the biotransformation of BPs, along with the corresponding research findings. Furthermore, by examining the existing limitations and deficiencies in current studies, the paper provide insight into future research priorities. The elucidation of BPs' biological metabolism and its implications contributes to a better understanding of their potential risks and aids in the development of effective strategies for mitigating their adverse effects.
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Key words:
- bisphenol pollutants /
- metabolic transformation /
- experimental study /
- theoretical study.
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表 1 代谢研究生物系统分类
Table 1. Categorization of biological systems employed in studying xenobiotic metabolism
体外实验
in vitro体内实验
in vivo亚细胞部分
Subcellular fractions细胞部分
Cellular fractions组织
Tissues微粒体、S9系统、血清和血浆、
有机大分子离体肝细胞、原代肝细胞
培养物、细胞系组织切片,离体
灌注肝脏细菌菌株
多细胞生物、实验动物表 2 用于识别描述某些双酚类化合物代谢产物研究的搜索逻辑及文献数目统计
Table 2. Search logic applied to identify the researches about metabolites of BPs and the number of corresponding researches
双酚类物质
BPs运用的搜索逻辑
The applied search logic研究文献数目
Number of researchesBPA (bisphenol A OR 4,4’-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol) AND (metabolism OR biotransformation OR metabolites) 5925 BPAF (bisphenol AF OR hexafluorobisphenol A OR BPAF) AND (metabolism OR biotransformation OR metabolites) 221 BPF (bisphenol F OR Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane OR BPF) AND (metabolism OR biotransformation OR metabolites) 495 BPS bisphenol S OR Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone OR BPS) AND (metabolism OR biotransformation OR metabolites 2964 BPB (bisphenol B OR 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane OR BPB) AND (metabolism OR biotransformation OR metabolites) 711 TBBPA (Tetrabromobisphenol A OR TBBPA) AND (metabolism OR biotransformation OR metabolites) 584 -
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