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自2019年底以来,由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)引发的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(Coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)仍在全球范围内蔓延. 截止2022年10月5日,已有615,777,700例确诊,6,527,192个死亡病例[1]更新为最新数据. 新冠病毒疫情已成为全世界二战以来最严重的突发公共卫生事件,严重危害人类健康并阻碍了社会经济发展. SARS-CoV-2是一种具有囊膜、基因组为线性单股正链的RNA病毒,具有非常强的传染性,主要通过飞沫、密切接触和气溶胶等途径传播[2]. 消毒是传染病疫情防控的有效手段,是确保“大灾之后无大疫”的有力保障,对保证人民的生命健康具有重要作用.
新冠疫情后,气载病原体及其引起的健康危害受到越来越多的关注. 但是,过量使用消毒剂可导致显著的人体健康危害[3-4]. 大规模环境消杀后,残留消毒剂和消毒副产物会成为新的污染源,危及环境和生态安全[5]. 本文总结了气载病原体、国内外相关标准、常用空气消毒方式及其灭活效果以及残留消毒剂和消毒副产物的生态及健康危害,并展望了未来的发展趋势.
新冠病毒肺炎疫情中常用空气消毒对气载病原体的消杀作用及其生态健康危害研究进展
Research progress on disinfection effects, ecological and health hazards of common air disinfection methods on airborne pathogens during COVID-19 pandemic
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摘要: 新型冠状病毒肺炎(Coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情中,物理法消毒和化学法消毒是较为常用的消毒方式. 常用化学消毒剂包括过氧化物类消毒剂和含氯消毒剂,因其消杀效率高、操作简便等优点而被广泛使用. 然而,过量使用消毒剂会导致消毒剂残留,并产生消毒副产物,进而引发生态与健康危害. 因此,需要规范使用空气消毒方式,并需深入研究其在多种环境介质中引发的健康与生态安全风险. 本文总结了空气传播病原微生物、国内外空气微生物相关标准、常用空气消毒方式及其灭活效果、残留消毒剂和消毒副产物的生态及健康危害,并展望了未来的发展趋势.Abstract: During the epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), physical and chemical disinfections are commonly used. The chemical disinfectants include chlorine-contained and peroxide-based disinfectants, which are widely used because of their high efficiency and easy operation. However, excessive application of disinfectants can lead to disinfectant residues and disinfection by-products (DBPs), which would induce ecological and health hazards. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize the air disinfection, and to further study the health and ecological safety risks of disinfectants in a variety of environmental matrices. This paper summarizes the airborne microorganisms, relevant standards of airborne microorganisms, common air disinfection methods and their inactivation effects, the ecological and health hazards of residual disinfectants and DBPs, and also prospects the future development trends of air disinfection.
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属
Genus种
Species革兰染色/核酸
Gram staining/
Nucleic acid来源
Source相关疾病
Relevant diseases参考文献
References假单胞菌属
(Pseudomonas)荧光假单胞菌、类鼻疽假单胞菌和铜绿假单胞菌等 阳性 室外大气、污水
处理厂、医院、
垃圾焚烧厂人类食物中毒、呼吸系统感染和菌血症 [8] 芽孢杆菌属
(Bacillus)蜡状芽孢杆菌和炭疽芽孢杆菌等 阳性 自然界广泛存在 炭疽病、食物中毒 [9-12] 不动杆菌属
(Acinetobacter)醋酸钙不动杆菌、洛菲不动杆菌和鲍曼不动杆菌等 阴性 医院 呼吸道感染、皮肤伤口感染,泌尿生殖道感染,肺炎,肺脓肿,还可引起败血症,心内膜炎,脑膜炎,脑脓肿 [13] 棒状杆菌属
(Corynebacterium)白喉棒状杆菌 阳性 白喉病 [14] 葡萄球菌属
(Staphylococcus)金黄色葡萄球菌 阳性 自然环境 软组织、皮肤和伤口的机会性感染,也可引起血液感染、肺炎等炎症和败血症 [15-17] 链球菌属
(Streptococcus)肺炎链球菌 阳性 肺炎、继发性胸膜炎、中耳炎、乳突炎、心内膜炎及化脓性脑膜炎等 [18] 曲霉属
(Aspergillus flavus)真菌性呼吸道感染、角膜炎和眼内炎 [19-20] 鼻病毒
(Rhinovirus)RNA 普通感冒 [21] 流感病毒
(Influenza virus)RNA 急性高热、全身疼痛、显著乏力和呼吸道症状 [22] 水痘-带状疱疹病毒
(Varicella-zoster virus)DNA 水痘、带状胞疹 [23] 麻疹病毒
(Measles virus)RNA 麻疹 [24] 腮腺炎病毒
(Mumps virus)RNA 腮腺炎 [25] 汉坦病毒
(Hantavirus)RNA 汉坦病毒肺综合征、汉坦病毒肾综合征出血热(HFRS) [26] 冠状病毒(Coronavirus) RNA 呼吸道综合征 [27] 表 2 中国科学院生态环境研究中心推荐的微生物气溶胶评价标准[41]
Table 2. Evaluation standards for microbial aerosol recommended by the Eco-Environmental Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[41]
污染程度
Pollution level细菌/(CFU·m−3)
Bacteria真菌/(CFU·m−3)
Fungi微生物总浓度/(CFU·m−3)
Total microbial concentration极重度污染 >45000 >15000 >60000 重度污染 20000 — 45000 6000 — 15000 30000 — 60000 中度污染 10000 — 20000 2500 — 6000 15000 — 30000 轻度污染 5000 — 10000 1000 — 2500 10000 — 15000 微污染 2500 — 5000 750 — 1000 5000 — 10000 较清洁 1000 — 2500 500 — 750 3000 — 5000 清洁 <1000 <500 <3000 场所
Place细菌数量
Bacteria population标准
Standard撞击法/(CFU·m−3)
Impacting
method沉降法/(个·皿−1)
Sedimentation旅店客房 普通旅店、招待所 2500 30 旅店业卫生标准
(GB9663—1996)1—2星级饭店、宾馆和非星级带空调的饭店、宾馆 l500 10 3—5星级饭店、宾馆 l000 10 文化娱乐场所 影剧院、音乐厅录像厅(室) 4000 40 文化娱乐场所卫生标准(GB9664—1996) 游艺厅、舞厅 4000 40 酒吧、茶座、咖啡厅 2500 30 理发店、美容店 4000 40 理发店、美容店卫生标准
(GB9666—1996)游泳馆 4000 40 游泳场所卫生标准(GB9667—1996) 体育馆 4000 40 体育馆卫生标准(GB9668—1996) 图书馆、博物馆、美术馆 2500 30 图书馆、博物馆、美术馆、展览馆卫生标准(GB9669—1996) 商场(店)书店 7000 75 商场 (店)、书店卫生标准(GB9670—1996) 医院 医院候诊室 4000 40 医院候诊室卫生标准(GB9671—1996) 采用空气洁净技术的诊疗 场所,洁净手 术部和其他洁净场所 150 4 医院消毒卫生标准(GB15982—2012) 公共交通等候室 候车室和候船室 7000 75 公共交通等候室卫生标准(GB9672—1996) 候机室 4000 40 公共交通工具 旅客列车车厢 4000 40 公共交通工具卫生标准(GB9673—1996) 轮船客舱 4000 40 飞机客舱 2500 30 饭馆(餐厅) 4000 40 饭馆(餐厅)卫生标准(GB16153—1996) 公共场所集中空调通风系统送风 500(细菌)
500(真菌)
不得检出β-溶血性链球菌和嗜肺军团菌公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范(ws394—2012) 表 4 常用空气消毒方式、作用机制及其优缺点
Table 4. Mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of the commonly-used air disinfection methods
消毒方式
Disinfection method作用机制
Mechanism优点
Advantages缺点
Disadvantages物理消毒 空气过滤、
静电吸附技术[47-51]过滤、静电吸附 清洁、低成本、操作简便 只能捕集微生物,无法杀灭微生物,有二次感染风险. 物理消毒 紫外辐射 破坏细菌病毒中的DNA或RNA的分子结构,达到杀菌消毒的效果. 清洁、低成本 穿透能力差,消毒有死角;杀菌持久效果短;紫外线照射对人体有害;紫外消毒后有光复活的风险. 化学消毒 次氯酸 次氯酸可以穿透细菌细胞壁,通过破坏细胞膜上的结合酶、脂质和蛋白质来阻断细胞呼吸作用并且改变细胞膜通透性,造成胞内离子、DNA、蛋白质泄露,从而导致细胞内稳态的恶化,最终使细胞死亡 高效、广谱、无残留 不稳定 化学消毒 次氯酸钠 次氯酸钠在水中水解成次氯酸作为其消毒的有效成分,因此其消毒机制与次氯酸大致相同 高效、广谱 不稳定;对人体有毒害作用;腐蚀性;降解产生副产物 化学消毒 二氧化氯 二氧化氯较易吸附并穿过细胞壁,其可以氧化细胞内的氨基酸如半胱氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸以及细胞内含巯基的酶,从而阻止蛋白质的合成和细菌代谢,导致细菌死亡 高效、广谱、清洁、持久、无致癌副产物产生 易发生低浓度爆炸;有轻微异味;不稳定;高浓度危害人体健康 化学消毒 过氧化氢 过氧化物消毒剂的有效成分主要是活性氧. 其杀菌机制主要是通过氧化破坏细胞膜,损坏细胞内的蛋白质和核酸以及抑制能量生产,从而影响微生物结构和功能 高效、广谱、无残留 高浓度危害人体健康 化学消毒 过氧乙酸 过氧乙酸氧化能力很强,通过氧化微生物内的酶杀死微生物. 并且过氧乙酸亦具有酸的特性,对杀菌起到一定作用. 高效、广谱 对人体有刺激性;对金属有腐蚀性;不稳定 化学消毒 光催化 当近紫外线UVA照射到光催化材料上时,入射光子会激发活性氧的产生,从而达到杀菌效果 高效、广谱、清洁、 效果不稳定;费用高;对光源有较高要求. 化学消毒 臭氧 臭氧可产生活性氧原子及羟基自由基氧化微生物,也可以直接氧化微生物,使得氨基酸、蛋白质、核酸等物质变性,从而致使微生物失活 高效、广谱、清洁、效果持久、杀菌彻底 臭氧危害人体健康;腐蚀建筑材料;消毒后需要时间排放 化学消毒 低温等离子体 等离子体消毒主要通过产生活性氧、羟基自由基、O3和其他活性粒子对微生物的脂质、蛋白质和DNA等生物分子强烈氧化从而灭活微生物. 高速粒子的击穿以及紫外线的作用也对微生物灭活起到一定贡献 清洁、高效、广谱 价格昂贵;穿透性差;设备使用要求条件高 -
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