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大气气溶胶是均匀分散在大气中直径约0.001—100 μm的固体或液体微粒,可以散射和吸收太阳辐射,对气候变化有重要影响. 气溶胶来源分天然源(如森林火灾、火山爆发、沙尘暴等)和人为源(工业排放、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧等)[1]. 气溶胶化学组成主要包括有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐等[2-3]. EC表现出强烈的吸光性又被称为黑碳(BC). BC可吸收红外和可见光波段的太阳辐射,使周围大气增温,表现为变暖作用.
近年来,国内外关于BC分布的研究如火如荼. Bahadar等[4]讨论了巴基斯坦北部4个高海拔地区2016—2017年BC的日、月分布及其对气候的影响. Wyche等[5]对4个欧洲城市的BC进行研究,发现BC在PM2.5中占比大,特别是交通发达区域和出行高峰期,最高时eBC/PM2.5达45%. eBC与其他大气污染物(O3、NOx、PM2.5、PM10)间呈正相关,反映机动车尾气对BC浓度的重要影响. Liu等[6]研究东南亚BC分布,结果表明,马来西亚某地大气中BC主要受生物质和化石燃料燃烧的源贡献,两种燃烧源对BC贡献相当;东南亚地区春季干旱季节生物质燃烧的贡献甚至更高,可能来自森林、灌木和农业火灾. 周变红等[7]研究发现,宝鸡高新区eBC变化范围为0.01—5.62 μg·m−3,eBC日变化呈“双峰双谷”型,峰值出现在09:00和19:00,谷值出现在05:00和16:00;eBC占PM2.5的0.84%,其吸收作用占大气消光的2.14%. 孙天林等[8]研究发现东莞站点eBC年均为3.98 μg·m−3. eBC湿季相对较低,干季相对较高. 盛涛[9]研究结果表明,2016、2017、2018年上海市路边大气中eBC年均分别为2.91、2.96、2.82 μg·m−3,eBC/PM2.5分别为9.30%、9.20%、9.50%. 关亚楠等[10]研究发现,石家庄eBC平均浓度为4.35 μg·m−3;不同季节eBC浓度分布为:冬>秋>春>夏;以化石燃料为能源的工业源和交通源对BC的贡献占主导地位. 以上国内外相关研究为本研究提供对比参考依据.
近年来,南昌随着工业和城市的快速发展,能源消耗增加,化石燃料燃烧和机动车数量不断增加,在污染物达标排放情况下,大气污染控制的形势依然严峻. 我们课题组对南昌地区PM2.5及其化学组分的分布开展一些前期研究,然而南昌城区在逐年扩大,尤其是红谷滩城区得到快速发展,区域内BC的分布特征与光学特性的深入细化研究对于区域环境空气质量的评估和大气污染的防控意义重大.
本文对南昌市红谷滩区前湖区域大气中BC的分布特征与光学特性进行研究;探究气态污染物和PM2.5对eBC浓度的影响程度;对比研究黑碳仪测定PM2.5中eBC与滤膜采样PM2.5中EC浓度之间的差异,为区域碳气溶胶的污染防控及其辐射强迫的科学评估提供参考依据和数据支撑.
南昌前湖区域黑碳的分布特征与光学特性
Distribution and optical properties of black carbon in Qianhu Area of Nanchang
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摘要: 2020年12月—2021年12月,对南昌市前湖区域大气中黑碳(BC)进行连续观测,研究BC的分布特征与光学特性. 结果显示,南昌前湖区域eBC浓度2021年均值为(1.93±1.13)μg·m−3,有明显的季节变化,冬季最高(2.10±1.28)μg·m−3,春季最低(1.69±1.14)μg·m−3;eBC浓度日分布表现为明显的双峰特征,峰值出现在07:00—09:00和22:00—23:00. BC吸收系数、大气消光系数年均值为18.42、137.67 Mm−1. eBC与NO2的相关性强于eBC与SO2、CO、O3的相关性,反映区域内BC受机动车尾气影响显著. eBC与风速呈负显著性相关(*P<0.05),eBC与气象因子相关性按从大到小顺序为风速>温度>相对湿度,较大的风速更利于BC的扩散稀释. 本文研究结果可为区域碳气溶胶的污染防控及其辐射强迫的科学评估提供参考依据和数据支撑.Abstract: This paper carried out continuous observations of atmospheric black carbon (BC) in the Qianhu region of Nanchang to study the distribution characteristics and optical properties of BC from December 2020 to December 2021. The results of this paper showed that the average concentrations of eBC in the Qianhu region of Nanchang in 2021 was (1.93±1.13) μg·m−3. There was a seasonal variation in eBC. The highest in winter was (2.10±1.28) μg·m−3 and the lowest in spring is (1.69±1.14) μg·m−3. The daily distribution of eBC concentration showed obvious bimodal characteristics, with peaks at 07:00—09:00 and 22:00—23:00. The annual average values of absorption coefficient and atmospheric extinction coefficient for BC were 18.42 and 137.67 Mm−1. The correlation between eBC and NO2 was stronger than the correlation between eBC and SO2, CO, O3, which reflects the significant influence of motor vehicle emissions on BC. eBC was negatively correlated with wind speed (*P<0.05). The correlation between eBC and meteorological factors was wind speed > temperature > relative humidity. Higher wind speeds are more conducive to BC diffusion dilution. The results of the paper can provide reference basis and data support for the scientific assessment of carbonaerosol pollution prevention and control in this region.
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表 1 南昌前湖区域与国内、外不同城市eBC浓度的对比
Table 1. Comparison of eBC concentrations in the Qianhu region of Nanchang with those in different cities/regions in China and abroad
地点
Location站点类型
Site types时间
TimeeBC/(μg·m−3) 参考文献
References南昌 城市 2021.1—2021.12 1.93 本研究 上海 城市 2016.1—2016.12 2.41 [17] 城郊 1.83 深圳 城市 2014—2015 2.58 [18] 城郊 1.12 石家庄 城市 2018.9—2019.8 4.79 [10] 城郊 2018.9—2019.8 4.35 邢台 城市 2019.1—2019.12 0. 85 [19] 北京 城市 2019.1—2019.12 2.27 [20] 城郊 1.58 平顶山 农村 2018.2—2018.3 6.78 [21] 沈阳 城市 2008.3—2009.2 6.14 [22] 大连 城市 2014.1—2014.12 1.64 [23] 贵阳 城市 2016.5—2017.4 5.19 [24] 新疆 城市 2019.6—2020.5 1.95 [25] 印度 城市 2017.12—2018.11 6.60 [26] 但巴德 城市 2012.1—2012.12 6.30 [27] 德克萨斯洲 城市 2008.1—2008.12 1.24 [28] 表 2 研究期间南昌前湖区域不同季节气象因子的统计
Table 2. Statistics on meteorological factors for different seasons in the Qianhu region of Nanchang during the study period
类别
Categories春季
Spring夏季
Summer秋季
Autumn冬季
Winter温度/°C 8.6—30.18 24.5—34.8 9.9—33.25 0.5—19.66 相对湿度/% 53.6—98.3 55.2—93.3 56.0—99.8 39.5—97.2 风速/(m·s−1) 2.7—13.1 4.3—14.7 2.3—17.1 2.7—13.1 表 3 2021年南昌前湖区域吸收系数、大气消光系数等相关汇总
Table 3. Summary of absorption coefficients, atmospheric extinction coefficients and other correlations for the Nanchang Qianhu region in 2021
季节
Seasons大气能见度/km
Atmospheric visibilityeBC质量浓度/(μg·m−3)
eBC mass concentration吸收系数/Mm−1
Absorption coefficient大气消光系数/Mm−1
Atmospheric extinction
coefficient贡献率/%
Contribution rate春季 22.23 1.69±1.14 16.23 134.76 12.04% 夏季 21.7 1.86±1.37 17.66 138.09 12.79% 秋季 21.88 2.02±1.05 18.96 137.00 13.84% 冬季 21.56 2.10±1.28 19.63 139.05 14.12% 年度均值 21.77 1.93±1.13 18.42 137.67 13.38% -
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