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海岸带是陆地和海洋生态系统之间水文循环和物质交换的重要场所,该区域内发生着诸多化学元素的生物地球化学过程,这些生物地球化学过程维系着海岸带水资源和生态环境的可持续[1]. 在海岸带区域,海洋潮汐周期性波动和气象季节性动态使得海岸带浅部地下水中的物理化学参数(如温度、盐度、溶解氧、营养盐等)发生着不同时间尺度(如小时尺度、月尺度、年尺度等)上的变化,进而影响着海岸带地下水中的生物地球化学演化过程[2]. 海岸带生物地球化学过程演化一直是水文地质学和环境科学的重要研究内容之一,研究海岸带地下水中生物地球化学过程的演化机制,厘清控制生物地球化学演化的关键因素,对于深入理解自然和社会环境变化条件下的海岸带生态环境变化具有重要意义.
时空变异特征是海岸带生物地球化学过程演化的直观表现. 在海岸带,高频次的海水潮汐过程使得海岸带地下水与海水水力联系和物质交互剧烈,且具有周期性特征;此外,海水—地下水之间密度梯度作用及潮汐作用使得地下水与海水之间的水循环形成了地下水淡水排泄和海水再循环并存的特征,并形成了上部咸水区—淡水排泄区—海水楔形区共存的咸淡水分带特征,咸淡水分带及其内部的水循环和物质迁移速率差异使得海岸带地下水循环过程表现出时间变异特征[3-4]. 已有研究表明,在水循环和物质迁移的时间变异特征的影响下,海岸带地下水中化学组分的循环及生物地球化学过程也具有时间变异特征[5-7]. 开展时空变异特征研究能够为揭示海岸带生物地球化学过程动态演化机制提供重要支撑.
氮是所有生物细胞合成所必需的重要元素之一,其循环对于调节海岸带生态环境质量起着关键作用. 有大量文献指出由于受到人类活动的影响,部分海岸带氮循环已经遭到严重破坏,海岸带含水层内过量的氮排放至海洋会导致沿海地区发生严重的环境问题如水体富营养化、生物多样性减退甚至会对人体身体健康产生影响等[1, 8-11]. 氮元素在海岸带发生较多复杂的生物地球化学作用,主要有固氮、硝化、反硝化、有机氮的氨化、厌氧氨氧化等作用(图1). 这些作用受到生物活动、气候变化、陆地海洋水文动态等多重因素的影响[8, 12],上述影响因素的动态变化控制着海岸带内地下水水动力条件、氧化还原条件、化学组分等的变化[13],进而会影响水中氮元素组分的径流途径以及滞留时间,进而使得氮组分及其生物地球化学过程随时间发生变化[14-15].
本文围绕海岸带地下水中氮生物地球化学过程演化机制这一科学问题,开展文献调研分析,以归纳分析海岸带氮元素地球化学过程演化的主要影响因素,并总结氮生物地球化学过程演化的主要研究方法,为深入认识海岸带氮生物地球化学演化及其研究方法提供支撑.
海岸带地下水中氮生物地球化学过程研究进展
Research progress on nitrogen biogeochemical processes in coastal groundwater
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摘要: 海岸带氮地球化学过程及其演化是海岸带水资源管理与生态环境保护的关键内容. 在气候波动以及海洋潮汐动态的影响下,海岸带地下水中氮的地球化学过程会表现出时间变异性. 基于国内外研究成果调研,本文针对海岸带含水层中的氮元素地球化学过程演化机制这一科学问题,归纳了影响海岸带氮元素地球化学过程的6个因素,包括温度、潮汐与波浪、海水入侵、盐度、生物扰动以及地下水动力条件;总结了氮生物地球化学过程动态演化机制的主要研究方法,包括野外水化学监测、室内氮循环实验和数值模拟方法;指出数值模拟应与室内外方法相结合,并综合考虑气象水文、潮汐水动力、温度、盐度、生物扰动及含水层非均质性等因素,以实现复杂条件下的高精度氮地球化学过程及其变化的定量识别.Abstract: Nitrogen biogeochemical processes and evolution in the coastal zone are key issues of water resources management and ecological environment protection of the coastal area. Under the influences of climate fluctuation and ocean tide dynamic, the nitrogen biogeochemical processes in coastal groundwater generally exhibit temporal variability. Aiming at the scientific problem of evolution mechanism of coastal nitrogen biogeochemical processes, based on literature research, this paper summarized six factors affecting the nitrogen biogeochemical processes in coastal zones, including temperature, tide and wave, seawater intrusion, salinity, biological disturbance and groundwater dynamic conditions. In addition, this paper summarized the main research methods for researching coastal nitrogen biogeochemical processes, including field monitoring, laboratory experiment and numerical simulation. Furthermore, to achieve high precision quantitative identification of nitrogen biogeochemical processes under complex conditions, we suggest that the numerical simulation should be combined applied with indoor and outdoor methods based on a comprehensive consideration of multi-factors such as meteorology and hydrology, tide dynamic, temperature, salinity, biological disturbance and aquifer heterogeneity.
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表 1 海岸带地下水中氮生物地球化学过程演化机制主控因素
Table 1. The main controlling factors of the evolution mechanism of nitrogen biogeochemical processes in coastal groundwater
影响因素
Influence factors影响机制
Mechanism of influence参考文献
Reference温度 影响微生物活性影响咸淡水过渡带位置及海水再循环程度 [21-22] 潮汐与波浪 改变含水层咸淡水分布和水循环速率
引起海岸带化学组分(如溶解氧和有机质)在沉积物和海水之间输运过程和含量[23-24] 海水入侵 破坏原有咸淡水平衡状态
增强离子交换[25-26] 盐度 改变海岸带内氮循环过程所需微生物群落的组分
改变地下水的电导率并间接影响氮循环过程
增强离子交换
促进硫酸盐还原为硫化氢,影响氮循环过程[27] 生物扰动 挖掘洞穴导致海岸带含水介质渗透结构和水动力条件的改变
增强含水介质中物质迁移,加快地球化学反应过程[28] 地下水动力条件 引起地下水渗流速率时空差异
控制溶解物质迁移速率和氧化还原环境变化[29-30] 表 2 海岸带地下水中氮生物地球化学过程演化的主要研究方法
Table 2. Main methods for researching the evolution of nitrogen biogeochemical processes in coastal groundwater
研究方法
Research method方法描述
Method description优点
Advantage缺点
Disadvantage运用实例
Examples野外水化学
监测基于野外分层取样测定海岸带地下水中氮元素组分浓度动态
分析氮循环过程和反应速率能够较为直观地查明海岸带地下水中氮组分分布规律 难以进行高精度的连续监测,较难阐明氮循环动态规律 [58] 室内氮循环
实验基于室内刻画海岸带物理化学环境,模拟分析氮生物地球化学过程 能够阐明理想环境下氮循环过程对物理化学条件的响应规律 对实验环境要求较高,难以准确刻画海岸带实际的水动力与水化学条件 [69-70] 数值模拟 基于海岸带水动力水化学条件的概化,通过数值计算高性能多情景地模拟量化海岸带氮生物地球化学过程演化规律 能够多情景的三维展示氮组分的时空分布,并有助于揭示主控因素 模型概化过程中会简化实际物理化学条件 [71-72] -
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