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砷(As)是一种广泛分布在水体、土壤和岩石等中的有毒致癌物质. 高砷地下水是指As浓度大于10 µg·L−1的地下水(世界卫生组织(WHO)规定的饮用水标准)[1],长期饮用高砷地下水会导致慢性砷中毒,严重威胁人体健康. 目前,高砷地下水广泛分布在世界各地,超过1.5亿人的饮水安全受到了威胁[2],据Rodriguez-Lado等的统计风险预测模型,中国受高砷地下水影响的人口约1960万[3]. 高砷地下水多是原生自然成因造成的,不同区域的原生高砷水成因存在一定差异.
微生物参与铁氧化物的还原性溶解被认为是高砷地下水形成的关键过程[4-5],在此过程中,溶解性有机碳(DOC)作为微生物代谢活动的主要碳源和能量来源,在一定程度上影响着元素的氧化还原反应和迁移转化[6-10]. DOC的同位素δ13CDOC可指示地下水中有机碳的来源,并反应微生物代谢活动. 溶解性无机碳(DIC)是微生物作用下有机质降解的重要产物,其稳定同位素δ13CDIC可用于判断地下水DIC的来源,揭示地下水中微生物对有机质的降解过程. 碳同位素在高砷地下水中主要用于地下水有机质来源的判别和有机质的微生物代谢指示两方面[11]. 因此,利用地下水稳定碳同位素表征微生物作用下有机质降解过程及其对砷富集的影响具有一定指示意义. 例如,周殷竹对河套盆地[12]和Guo等[13]对松嫩盆地的高砷地下水中δ13CDIC和δ13CDOC特征研究表明,铁氧化物还原性溶解过程中均有微生物参与并伴随着DOC的氧化分解共同导致地下水中砷的迁移和富集.
新疆奎屯地区是中国西北干旱区典型原生高砷水分布区,高砷地下水多分布在深层承压水层,同其他地区高砷地下水埋深在潜水层、浅层承压水层不同. 前期研究表明[14-16],该地区地下水多为碱性和还原性环境,铁氧化物矿物的还原性溶解是高砷地下水形成的主要机制,但微生物在该成因机制中起到的作用还不清楚. 因此,本研究以奎屯地区深层承压地下水为研究对象、地表水为对照并结合地下水水化学特征和稳定碳同位素分析,旨在查明研究区高砷地下水中微生物作用下有机质降解过程对砷富集的影响,进一步加深对新疆奎屯原生高砷地下水成因机制的认识,为地下水的保护及有效利用提供理论指导.
新疆奎屯地区高砷地下水稳定碳同位素特征及其指示意义
Stable carbon isotope signatures of high arsenic groundwater and their indicative significancein in Kuitun area of Xinjiang
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摘要: 地下水稳定碳同位素可以指示微生物作用下有机质降解过程对砷富集的影响. 新疆奎屯地区是中国西北干旱区典型原生高砷水分布区,本研究以地下水为研究对象,奎屯河地表水为对照,通过野外采样,并借助原子荧光、稳定同位素分析等技术手段,对地下水的水化学指标、溶解性无机碳(DIC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和碳稳定同位素进行测定与分析. 结果表明,研究区73%的地下水为高砷水,平均值为60.60 μg·L−1,呈还原-弱碱性环境,地表水均为低砷水,呈中性和氧化环境. 地下水中优势阴阳离子分别为Cl−和Ca2+. 地下水DIC受多种来源的共同影响,地表水DIC主要来自碳酸盐岩风化作用的影响. 地下水δ13CDIC值的范围为−9.13‰—0.58‰,δ13CDOC值的范围在−21.62‰ — −13.79‰之间. 地下水中除了微生物作用下有机质降解和碳酸盐岩溶解的影响外,还可能存在产甲烷过程对δ13CDIC值的影响. 地下水中δ13CDIC-δ13CDOC差值与ρ(As)、ρ(Fe)均呈显著负相关关系,表明微生物参与了铁氧化物的还原性溶解并促进了As的富集.Abstract: The stable carbon isotope of groundwater can indicate the influence of organic matter degradation process under the action of microorganisms on arsenic enrichment. Kuitun area of Xinjiang is a typical primary high arsenic water distribution area in the arid region of northwest China. In this study, the groundwater was taken as the research object, and the surface water of Kuitun River was taken as the control. The hydrochemical indicators, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and carbon stable isotope of the groundwater were determined and analyzed. The results show that 73% of groundwater in the study area was high arsenic water, with an average value of 60.60 μg·L−1, presenting a reduction-weak alkaline environment, while the surface water was low arsenic water, presenting a neutral and oxidizing environment. The dominant anions in the groundwater were Cl− and Ca2+, respectively. The DIC of the groundwater was commonly influenced by various sources, and the DIC of the surface water mainly came from the influence of carbonate weathering.The value of δ13CDIC ranged from −9.13‰ to 0.58‰ and the values of δ13CDOC ranged from −21.62‰ to −13.79‰ in the groundwater. In addition to the degradation of organic matter and the dissolution of carbonate karst under the action of microorganisms, methanogenesis may also affect the δ13CDIC value in the groundwater. There was a negative correlation between δ13CDIC—δ13CDOC and As concentration also between δ13CDIC—δ13CDOC and Fe concentration in the groundwater, indicating that microorganisms participated in the reductive dissolution of iron oxides and promoted the enrichment of As.
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表 1 研究区采样点信息
Table 1. Information on sampling sites in the study area
采样点编号
Sampling number经度
Longitude纬度
Latitude井深/m
Well depth采样地点
Location of samplingK1 84.7277 44.1247 — 奎屯河 K2 84.7519 44.1605 — 奎屯河 C1 84.0812 45.0314 200 126团 C2 84.0641 45.0257 180 126团 C3 84.1032 45.0210 200 126团 C4 84.0825 45.0215 180 126团 C5 84.0808 45.0222 160 126团 C6 84.1322 45.0230 70 126团 C7 84.3551 45.0217 130 128团 C8 84.3553 45.0221 80 128团 C9 84.3747 44.5852 60 128团 C10 84.3739 44.5848 60 128团 C11 84.3659 44.5905 200 128团 C12 84.4051 44.5836 100 128团 C13 84.4038 44.5558 80 128团 C14 84.4004 44.5723 120 128团 C15 84.3508 45.0513 100 128团 表 2 水样主要水化学指标统计表
Table 2. Statistical table of main water chemical indicators of water samples
指标
IndexpH K+/(mg·L−1) Na+/(mg·L−1) Ca2+/(mg·L−1) Mg2+/(mg·L−1) 地表水 6.66—7.06
(6.86)1.18 273.50—280.41
(276.96)47.33 10.67—32.80
(21.73)地下水 7.59—9.42
(8.63)0.02—1.25
(0.46)4.58—503.07
(107.62)5.01—544.42
(151.57)1.37—467.36
(110.11)指标
IndexEh/mV CO32−/(mg·L−1) HCO3−/(mg·L−1) Cl−/(mg·L−1) SO42−/(mg·L−1) As/(μg·L−1) 地表水 21.3—28.5
(24.90)— 157—179
(168)24.69—50.07
(37.38)536—640
(588)6.27—6.76
(6.52)地下水 −96— −7.5
(−55.08)2.45—9.81
(5.19)49.44—125.52
(72.06)18.88—1829.43
(527.35)0—1415.70
(506.56)2.45—460.38
(60.60)注:括号内为平均值. Note: Average values in brackets 表 3 不同地区地下水中δ13CDIC与δ13CDOC值、As和Fe质量浓度及井深范围
Table 3. δ13CDIC and δ13CDOC values, As and Fe mass concentrations and well depth ranges in groundwater from different regions
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