-
2021年中国社会化石燃料的使用比重高达89%,二氧化碳(CO2)排放量高达7500万吨,随着化石燃料的大肆消耗和CO2排放量的逐年攀升,人类面临着温室效应和能源危机的双重挑战[1]. 在“碳中和”的大背景下,如何将CO2收集与资源化利用成为关键问题. 常见的CO2利用手段包括地质利用(CO2驱油提高采收率)、化工利用(以CO2为原料生产化学品或燃料)和生物利用(利用微藻类植物进行CO2生物转化)[2-3].
生物电化学系统(Bioelectrochemical systems,BES)是近年来发展起来的,结合了化工利用和生物利用的一项CO2资源化技术,其中微生物电解池(Microbial electrolysis cells,MEC)可有效利用CO2转化为低碳燃料[1, 3-4]. 甲烷(CH4)作为最简单的有机物且含碳量最少的烃,是当今主要的燃料和化工原料. 相较于MEC制氢气(H2)所面临的H2燃点范围宽,常温常压难储存且价格昂贵(每kg 60—70元)等挑战,利用MEC将CO2转化为低碳燃料CH4,不仅极大地降低了CO2的排放并促进碳循环,且CH4作为一种清洁的低碳燃料,价格低廉(每kg 20—30元)且便于运输,可缓解紧张的能源需求[2, 4]. 与传统的厌氧消化产甲烷相比,MEC辅助CO2电产甲烷可将有机物氧化和产甲烷过程分开进行,减少废水对产甲烷菌的冲击,提高甲烷产量[2]. 其原理如图1所示,MEC阳极通过多种氧化反应(析氧反应或有机物的氧化分解)提供质子,质子通过质子交换膜到达阴极,电活性微生物在生物阴极上完成CO2电甲烷化,HCO3-/CO2常常可以被微生物利用产生甲烷[5-6].
近年来关于MEC的研究如雨后春笋破土而出(图2),研究人员多分布在不同国家,但关于MEC的研究方向大多集中在制H2;随着“双碳”目标的提出,MEC精炼废物质能源被开发,相应的电极材料、反应器构造类型、能耗等成为了研究者们关注的问题[2, 5, 7]. 因此,本文全面回顾了MEC电极材料、电压和电产甲烷菌等对CO2电甲烷化效能的影响,并重点讨论阴极电活性功能菌和胞外电子传递机制,以期为MEC在未来应用方面的技术挑战提供理论支撑.
微生物电解池催化CO2电转化为甲烷:影响因素、电子传递和展望
Microbial electrolytic cell catalyzed electroconversion of CO2 to CH4:Influencing factors, electronic transmission, outlook
-
摘要: 化石燃料作为能源供应的主要来源,燃烧导致大量CO2的释放和温室效应,CO2的捕获和再利用越来越受到人们的关注. 微生物电解池(MEC)作为一种新的CO2再利用技术,可通过将电活性微生物与电化学刺激相结合,将CO2通过生物电化学作用回收为低碳燃料(如CH4),从而实现CO2固定和能量回收. 尽管近年来MEC领域有较多研究,但仍然存在许多问题阻碍了该技术的规模化和产业化. 本文梳理了CO2电化学产甲烷的工作原理、性能影响的关键因素、生物阴极电活性功能微生物及其胞外电子传递机制、电催化耦合技术的最新研究进展,提出了MEC辅助CO2电甲烷化技术的未来研究需求和挑战.
-
关键词:
- 微生物电解池(MEC) /
- CO2电甲烷化 /
- 阴极材料 /
- 电活性功能菌 /
- 胞外电子传递机制
Abstract: Fossil fuels have been the main source of energy supply, and their combustion leads to the release of a large amount of CO2 and the greenhouse effect. The capture and reuse of CO2 have attracted more and more attention. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC), a new CO2 reuse technology, can achieve CO2 fixation by combining electroactive microorganisms with electrochemical stimulation to recycle CO2 into low-carbon fuels (such as CH4) through bioelectrochemical action and energy recovery. Although there have many researches in the field of MEC in recent years, there are still many problems which hinder the scale and industrialization of this technology. This paper compares the working principle of CO2-electrochemical methanogenesis, key factors affecting performance, bio-cathode electroactive functional microorganisms and their extracellular electron transfer mechanism, and the latest research progress of electrocatalytic coupling technology. We also presents the future research needs and challenges of MEC CO2-electrochemical methanogenesis technology. -
图 3 不同电极材料[2-4, 6-21](a)、不同电压[5, 7, 9, 25-36](b)和不同反应器构型[4, 6-9, 11-15, 26-34, 37](c)下最高甲烷产生速率和MEC最大电流密度
Figure 3. Maximum methane production rate and maximum MEC current density for different electrode materials [2-4, 6-21] (a), voltages [5, 7, 9, 25-36] (b) and reactor configurations [4, 6-9, 11-15, 26-34, 37] (c)
图 4 (A—C)65—70 ℃下生长的甲烷杆菌Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicus的SEM图,10 μm[40];(D—G)甲烷球菌Methanosarcina strain 227的SEM图[41],(D)10 μm,(E)500 μm,(F)40 μm,(G)4 μm
Figure 4. (A—C) SEM images of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicus grown at 65—70 ℃, 10 μm[40]; (D—G) SEM images of Methanosarcina strain 227 [41], (D) 10 μm , (E) 500 μm, (F) 40 μm, and (G) 4 μm
图 5 细胞间的电子传递机制(a)通过可扩散分子(如H2和甲酸盐)[53],(b)通过电子穿梭(如黄素)[54],(c)通过导电菌毛[60],(d)通过细胞间的直接接触(如外膜c型细胞色素)[64],(e)通过导电材料(如活性炭、纳米磁铁矿)[61,66-67]
Figure 5. Electron transfer mechanism between cells (a) via diffusible molecules (such as H2 and formate) [53], (b) via electron shuttle (such as flavin) [54], (c) via conductive pili [60], (d) via intercellular direct contact (e.g. outer membrane c-type cytochromes) [64], (e) via conductive materials (e.g. activated carbon, nanomagnetite) [61,66-67]
表 1 产甲烷菌的主要生理特征
Table 1. Main physiological characteristics of the methanogenic bacteria
产甲烷菌
Methanogenic bacteria碳源
Carbon sources温度范围/ °C
Temperature rangepH 参考文献
ReferencesMethanosarcinales 乙酸盐,H2 + CO2,CO, 甲醇, 甲胺,甲硫基丙酸甲酯,二甲硫 1.0—70 4.0—10.0 [43-45] Methanomicrobiales H2 + CO2,甲酸盐,乙醇,2-丙醇,2-丁醇,环戊醇 15—60 6.1—8.0 [42, 46] Methanobacteriales H2 + CO2,CO,甲酸盐,C1-甲基化合物 20—88 5.0—8.8 [44] Methanococcales H2 + CO2,甲酸盐 < 20—88 4.5—9.8 [44, 46] Methanopyrales H2 + CO2 84—110 5.5—7.0 [47-48] Methanocellales H2 + CO2,甲酸盐 25—40 6.5—7.8 [44] -
[1] 谢典, 高亚静, 芦新波, 等. 能耗“双控”向碳排放“双控”转变的实施路径研究 [J]. 综合智慧能源, 2022, 44(7): 73-80. XIE D, GAO Y J, LU X B, et al. Research on the implementation path of the transition from dual control on energy consumption to dual control on carbon emission [J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2022, 44(7): 73-80(in Chinese).
[2] 郑韶娟, 陆雪琴, 张衷译, 等. 微生物电解池: 生物电催化辅助CO2甲烷化技术 [J]. 环境化学, 2019, 38(7): 1666-1674. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018091502 ZHENG S J, LU X Q, ZHANG Z Y, et al. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC): A new platform for CO2 bioelectromethanogenesis assisted by bioelectrocatalysis [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2019, 38(7): 1666-1674(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018091502
[3] ZHEN G Y, ZHENG S J, HAN Y L, et al. Semi-continuous anolyte circulation to strengthen CO2 bioelectromethanosynthesis with complex organic matters as the e-/ H+ donor for simultaneous biowaste refinery [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 430: 133123. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133123 [4] JIANG Y, SU M, LI D P. Removal of sulfide and production of methane from carbon dioxide in microbial fuel cells-microbial electrolysis cell (MFCs-MEC) coupled system [J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2014, 172(5): 2720-2731. doi: 10.1007/s12010-013-0718-9 [5] 邹亚娜, 臧越, 王恺元, 等. 生物电催化调控污泥-餐厨垃圾协同厌氧产酸研究 [J]. 环境化学, 2023, 42(1): 298-309. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2021081202 ZOU Y N, ZANG Y, WANG K Y, et al. Regulated VFAs production from sewage sludge and food waste by insitu bioelectrocatalytic regulation [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2023, 42(1): 298-309(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2021081202
[6] WANG X T, ZHANG Y F, WANG B, et al. Enhancement of methane production from waste activated sludge using hybrid microbial electrolysis cells-anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) process - A review [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2022, 346: 126641. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126641 [7] ZHEN G Y, LU X Q, KOBAYASHI T, et al. Promoted electromethanosynthesis in a two-chamber microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) containing a hybrid biocathode covered with graphite felt (GF) [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 284: 1146-1155. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.071 [8] DING A Q, YANG Y, SUN G D, et al. Impact of applied voltage on methane generation and microbial activities in an anaerobic microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 283: 260-265. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.07.054 [9] LIU D D, ZHENG T Y, BUISMAN C, et al. Heat-treated stainless steel felt as a new cathode material in a methane-producing bioelectrochemical system [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017, 5(12): 11346-11353. [10] CHOI M J, YANG E, YU H W, et al. Transition metal/carbon nanoparticle composite catalysts as platinum substitutes for bioelectrochemical hydrogen production using microbial electrolysis cells [J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(4): 2258-2265. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.07.020 [11] JIN X D, ZHANG Y F, LI X H, et al. Microbial electrolytic capture, separation and regeneration of CO2 for biogas upgrading [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(16): 9371-9378. [12] CAI W W, LIU W Z, ZHANG Z J, et al. mcrA sequencing reveals the role of basophilic methanogens in a cathodic methanogenic community [J]. Water Research, 2018, 136: 192-199. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.062 [13] 程佳鑫, 李荣兴, 杨海涛, 等. 三维电催化氧化处理难生化降解有机废水研究进展 [J]. 环境化学, 2022, 41(1): 288-304. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020082804 CHENG J X, LI R X, YANG H T, et al. Review of three-dimensional electrodes for bio-refractory organic wastewater treatment [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2022, 41(1): 288-304(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020082804
[14] KIM K R, KANG J, CHAE K J. Improvement in methanogenesis by incorporating transition metal nanoparticles and granular activated carbon composites in microbial electrolysis cells [J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(45): 27623-27629. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.06.142 [15] CHENG T F, LI H Y, XIA W, et al. Exploration into the nickel ‘microcosmos’ in prokaryotes [J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2016, 311: 24-37. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.12.007 [16] LI X, ZENG C P, LU Y B, et al. Development of methanogens within cathodic biofilm in the single-chamber microbial electrolysis cell [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019, 274: 403-409. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.002 [17] ZHEN G Y, LU X Q, KOBAYASHI T, et al. Continuous micro-current stimulation to upgrade methanolic wastewater biodegradation and biomethane recovery in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor [J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 180: 229-238. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.006 [18] ZHEN G Y, ZHENG S J, LU X Q, et al. A comprehensive comparison of five different carbon-based cathode materials in CO2 electromethanogenesis: Long-term performance, cell-electrode contact behaviors and extracellular electron transfer pathways [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 266: 382-388. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.101 [19] KIM K Y, HABAS S E, SCHAIDLE J A, et al. Application of phase-pure nickel phosphide nanoparticles as cathode catalysts for hydrogen production in microbial electrolysis cells [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019, 293: 122067. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122067 [20] 唐韵. 阴极表面修饰和电压调控改善MEC阴极生物膜生长和产甲烷性能的研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2017. TANG Y. The study of improving cathode biofilm growth and methane production in MEC by surface modification and voltage control[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2017(in Chinese).
[21] 薄涛, 翟洪艳, 季民. 不锈钢毡电极MEC甲烷原位纯化及原理 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2017, 37(11): 4057-4063. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2017.0213 BO T, ZHAI H Y, JI M. Research on in suit methane purification in MEC with stainless steel felt as electrode and theory analysis [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2017, 37(11): 4057-4063(in Chinese). doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2017.0213
[22] VU M, NOORI M, MIN B. Magnetite/zeolite nanocomposite-modified cathode for enhancing methane generation in microbial electrochemical systems [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 393: 124613. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124613 [23] ZHENG X M, LIN R J, XU J, et al. moEnhanced methane production by bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as cathode in an anaerobic digestion microbial electrolysis cell [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 440: 135799. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.135799 [24] HE Y T, LI Q, LI J, et al. Magnetic assembling GO/Fe3O4/microbes as hybridized biofilms for enhanced methane production in microbial electrosynthesis [J]. Renewable Energy, 2022, 185: 862-870. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.117 [25] BO T, ZHU X Y, ZHANG L X, et al. A new upgraded biogas production process: Coupling microbial electrolysis cell and anaerobic digestion in single-chamber, barrel-shape stainless steel reactor [J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2014, 45: 67-70. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.05.026 [26] LIU W Z, CAI W W, GUO Z C, et al. Microbial electrolysis contribution to anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge, leading to accelerated methane production [J]. Renewable Energy, 2016, 91: 334-339. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.082 [27] WANG L, YANG C X, SANGEETHA T, et al. Methane production in a bioelectrochemistry integrated anaerobic reactor with layered nickel foam electrodes [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020, 313: 123657. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123657 [28] ZHANG Y, GONG L L, JIANG Q Q, et al. In-situ CO2 sequestration and nutrients removal in an anaerobic digestion-microbial electrolysis cell by silicates application: Effect of dosage and biogas circulation [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 399: 125680. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125680 [29] LEE M, REDDY C N, MIN B. In situ integration of microbial electrochemical systems into anaerobic digestion to improve methane fermentation at different substrate concentrations [J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(4): 2380-2389. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.051 [30] LIU D D, ROCA-PUIGROS M, GEPPERT F, et al. Granular carbon-based electrodes as cathodes in methane-producing bioelectrochemical systems [J]. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2018, 6: 78. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00078 [31] BRETSCHGER O, CARPENTER K, PHAN T, et al. Functional and taxonomic dynamics of an electricity-consuming methane-producing microbial community [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 195: 254-264. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.129 [32] WANG D X, HAN Y X, HAN H J, et al. Enhanced treatment of Fischer-Tropsch wastewater using up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket system coupled with micro-electrolysis cell: A pilot scale study [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 238: 333-342. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.056 [33] VU M T, NOORI M T, MIN B. Conductive magnetite nanoparticles trigger syntrophic methane production in single chamber microbial electrochemical systems [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020, 296: 122265. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122265 [34] SIEGERT M, YATES M D, CALL D F, et al. Comparison of nonprecious metal cathode materials for methane production by electromethanogenesis [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2014, 2(4): 910-917. [35] DOU Z O, DYKSTRA C M, PAVLOSTATHIS S G. Bioelectrochemically assisted anaerobic digestion system for biogas upgrading and enhanced methane production [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 633: 1012-1021. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.255 [36] GOPAL J, HASAN N, MANIKANDAN M, et al. Bacterial toxicity/compatibility of platinum nanospheres, nanocuboids and nanoflowers [J]. Scientific Reports, 2013, 3: 1260. doi: 10.1038/srep01260 [37] 胡凯, 贾硕秋, 陈卫. 微生物电解池构型和电极材料研究综述 [J]. 能源环境保护, 2016, 30(5): 1-8,34. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8759.2016.05.001 HU K, JIA S Q, CHEN W. Review on configurations and electrode materials of microbial electrolysis cell [J]. Energy Environmental Protection, 2016, 30(5): 1-8,34(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8759.2016.05.001
[38] THRASH J C, van TRUMP J I, WEBER K A, et al. Electrochemical stimulation of microbial perchlorate reduction [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41(5): 1740-1746. [39] DASSARMA S, COKER J A, DASSARMA P. Archaea (overview)[M]//SCHAECHTER M. Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition). Oxford; Academic Press. 2009: 1-23. [40] ZEIKUS J G, WOLFE R S. Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicus sp. n., an anaerobic, autotrophic, extreme thermophile [J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 1972, 109(2): 707-715. doi: 10.1128/jb.109.2.707-713.1972 [41] MAH R A, SMITH M R, BARESI L. Studies on an acetate-fermenting strain of Methanosarcina [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1978, 35(6): 1174-1184. doi: 10.1128/aem.35.6.1174-1184.1978 [42] GARCIA J-L, OLLIVIER B, WHITMAN W B. The order methanomicrobiales [J]. Prokaryotes, 2006, 3: 208-230. [43] ANGELIDAKI I, KARAKASHEV D, BATSTONE D J, et al. Chapter sixteen - Biomethanation and its potential[M]//ROSENZWEIG A C, RAGSDALE S W. Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press. 2011: 327-251. [44] LIU Y C, WHITMAN W B. Metabolic, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of the methanogenic Archaea [J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008, 1125: 171-189. doi: 10.1196/annals.1419.019 [45] DWORKIN M, FALKOW S, ROSENBERG E, et al. The Prokaryotes: Volume 3: Archaea. Bacteria: Firmicutes, Actinomycetes[M]. Springer, 2006. [46] THAUER R K, KASTER A K, SEEDORF H, et al. Methanogenic Archaea: Ecologically relevant differences in energy conservation [J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2008, 6(8): 579-591. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1931 [47] ANGELIDAKI I, KARAKASHEV D, BATSTONE D J, et al. Biomethanation and its potential [J]. Methods in Enzymology, 2011, 494: 327-351. [48] TIMMIS K N, MCGENITY T, VAN DER MEER J R, et al. Handbook of hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology[M]. Springer Berlin, 2010. [49] PAQUETE C M, ROSENBAUM M A, BAÑERAS L, et al. Let's chat: Communication between electroactive microorganisms [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2022, 347: 126705. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126705 [50] COSTA N L, CLARKE T A, PHILIPP L A, et al. Electron transfer process in microbial electrochemical technologies: The role of cell-surface exposed conductive proteins [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 255: 308-317. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.133 [51] BRUTINEL E D, GRALNICK J A. Shuttling happens: Soluble flavin mediators of extracellular electron transfer in Shewanella [J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2012, 93(1): 41-48. doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3653-0 [52] STAMS A J M, PLUGGE C M. Electron transfer in syntrophic communities of anaerobic bacteria and Archaea [J]. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 2009, 7(8): 568-577. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2166 [53] ROTARU A E, SHRESTHA P M, LIU F H, et al. Inter species electron transfer via hydrogen and formate rather than direct electrical connections in cocultures of Pelobacter carbinolicus and Geobacter sulfurreducens [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2012, 78(21): 7645-7651. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01946-12 [54] HUANG L Y, LIU X, YE Y, et al. Evidence for the coexistence of direct and riboflavin-mediated inter species electron transfer in Geobacter co-culture [J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2020, 22(1): 243-254. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.14842 [55] LIU T, YU Y Y, CHEN T, et al. A synthetic microbial consortium of Shewanella and Bacillus for enhanced generation of bioelectricity [J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2017, 114(3): 526-532. doi: 10.1002/bit.26094 [56] ENGEL C, SCHATTENBERG F, DOHNT K, et al. Long-term behavior of defined mixed cultures of Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella oneidensis in bioelectrochemical systems [J]. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2019, 7: 60. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00060 [57] 王弋博, 武春媛, 周顺桂. 腐殖质在Comamonas koreensis CY01介导的2, 4-二氯苯氧乙酸还原脱氯过程中的作用 [J]. 草业学报, 2011, 20(1): 248-252. doi: 10.11686/cyxb20110134 WANG Y B, WU C Y, ZHOU S G. Effect of humic substances on the reductive dechlorination of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Comamonas koreensis CY01 [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(1): 248-252(in Chinese). doi: 10.11686/cyxb20110134
[58] LOVLEY D R, FRAGA J L, COATES J D, et al. Humics as an electron donor for anaerobic respiration [J]. Environmental Microbiology, 1999, 1(1): 89-98. doi: 10.1046/j.1462-2920.1999.00009.x [59] SUMMERS Z M, FOGARTY H E, LEANG C, et al. Direct exchange of electrons within aggregates of an evolved syntrophic coculture of anaerobic bacteria [J]. Science, 2010, 330(6009): 1413-1415. doi: 10.1126/science.1196526 [60] REGUERA G, MCCARTHY K D, MEHTA T, et al. Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires [J]. Nature, 2005, 435(7045): 1098-1101. doi: 10.1038/nature03661 [61] LIU F H, ROTARU A E, SHRESTHA P M, et al. Magnetite compensates for the lack of a pilin-associated c-type cytochrome in extracellular electron exchange [J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2015, 17(3): 648-655. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12485 [62] HA P T, LINDEMANN S R, SHI L, et al. Syntrophic anaerobic photosynthesis via direct inter species electron transfer [J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8: 13924. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13924 [63] 刘星, 周顺桂. 微生物纳米导线的导电机制及功能 [J]. 微生物学报, 2020, 60(9): 2039-2061. doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20200177 LIU X, ZHOU S G. Electrical conductivity and application of microbial nanowires [J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2020, 60(9): 2039-2061(in Chinese). doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20200177
[64] MCGLYNN S E, CHADWICK G L, KEMPES C P, et al. Single cell activity reveals direct electron transfer in methanotrophic consortia [J]. Nature, 2015, 526(7574): 531-535. doi: 10.1038/nature15512 [65] XIONG Y, SHI L, CHEN B, et al. High-affinity binding and direct electron transfer to solid metals by the Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 outer membrane c-type cytochrome OmcA [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(43): 13978-13979. doi: 10.1021/ja063526d [66] PARK J H, PARK J H, JE SEONG H, et al. Metagenomic insight into methanogenic reactors promoting direct inter species electron transfer via granular activated carbon [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 259: 414-422. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.050 [67] KATO S, HASHIMOTO K, WATANABE K. Methanogenesis facilitated by electric syntrophy via (semi)conductive iron-oxide minerals [J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2012, 14(7): 1646-1654. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02611.x [68] GIANG H N, ZHANG J, ZHU Z Y, et al. Single-chamber microbial electrochemical cell for CH4 production from CO2 utilizing a microbial consortium [J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2018, 42(3): 1308-1315. doi: 10.1002/er.3931 [69] CHOI K S, KONDAVEETI S, MIN B. Bioelectrochemical methane (CH4) production in anaerobic digestion at different supplemental voltages[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 245(Pt A): 826-832. [70] PARK J, LEE B, TIAN D, et al. Bioelectrochemical enhancement of methane production from highly concentrated food waste in a combined anaerobic digester and microbial electrolysis cell [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 247: 226-233. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.021 [71] 蔡文忠, 张希晨, 周耀辉. MEC/AnMBR反应器组合处理生活污水 [J]. 南华大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 31(2): 107-112. CAI W Z, ZHANG X C, ZHOU Y H. Combination of MAC/MBR reactor for domestic sewage treatment [J]. Journal of University of South China (Science and Technology), 2017, 31(2): 107-112(in Chinese).
[72] LIU H B, LV Y C, XU S Y, et al. Configuration and rapid start-up of a novel combined microbial electrolytic process treating fecal sewage [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 705: 135986. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135986