工业过程二恶英的排放特征及其控制技术

王得梁, 谢雯静, 赵文博, 何钰晴, 徐菁, 黄亚妮, 郝艳芬, 梁勇, 王璞. 工业过程二恶英的排放特征及其控制技术[J]. 环境化学, 2023, 42(5): 1449-1465. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022070704
引用本文: 王得梁, 谢雯静, 赵文博, 何钰晴, 徐菁, 黄亚妮, 郝艳芬, 梁勇, 王璞. 工业过程二恶英的排放特征及其控制技术[J]. 环境化学, 2023, 42(5): 1449-1465. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022070704
WANG Deliang, XIE Wenjing, ZHAO Wenbo, HE Yuqing, XU Jing, HUANG Yani, HAO Yanfen, LIANG Yong, WANG Pu. Dioxin emission characteristics and control technologies in industrial processes[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2023, 42(5): 1449-1465. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022070704
Citation: WANG Deliang, XIE Wenjing, ZHAO Wenbo, HE Yuqing, XU Jing, HUANG Yani, HAO Yanfen, LIANG Yong, WANG Pu. Dioxin emission characteristics and control technologies in industrial processes[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2023, 42(5): 1449-1465. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022070704

工业过程二恶英的排放特征及其控制技术

    通讯作者: Tel:13466359131,E-mail:puwang@jhun.edu.cn
  • 基金项目:
    江汉大学省部共建精细爆破国家重点实验室自主研究课题(PBSKL2022103)和国家自然科学基金(41977327)资助.

Dioxin emission characteristics and control technologies in industrial processes

    Corresponding author: WANG Pu, puwang@jhun.edu.cn
  • Fund Project: the State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University (PBSKL2022103) and National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977327).
  • 摘要: 工业排放是环境中二恶英(PCDD/Fs)最主要的人为排放源. 2010年我国九部委联合发布PCDD/Fs污染防治指导意见,之后出台多项政策要求对主要行业持久性有机污染物(POPs)开展污染防治. 在一系列防治措施下,PCDD/Fs的工业排放水平有所下降,整体取得良好成效. 本文针对固体废弃物焚烧、钢铁生产、有色金属生产和水泥窑协同处置四类主要行业的PCDD/Fs排放研究进展进行综述,阐述了不同行业PCDD/Fs排放量、排放特征及其变化趋势,比较分析了目前四类主要行业针对PCDD/Fs排放的控制技术及其效果,并对烟气中PCDD/Fs污染控制技术的发展方向进行了展望. 本文可为更加深入地了解工业排放PCDD/Fs的研究现状以及污染控制技术提供参考.
  • 加载中
  • 图 1  四类工业大气PCDD/Fs排放量示意图[3-4,30,35,61,63-65]

    Figure 1.  Atmosphere PCDD/Fs emission form four types of industrial [3-4,30,35,61,63-65]

    表 1  我国PCDD/Fs的主要排放源及其排放量

    Table 1.  Main emission sources of dioxins and their emissions in China

    排放源
    Emission source
    排放因子/(ng·t−1 I-TEQ)
    Emission factor
    年排放量/(g TEQ)
    Annual emission
    参考文献
    References
    大气Atmosphere总量Total
    固体废弃物焚烧生活垃圾125.8338[3]
    危险废物57.27243.27
    医疗废物427.41176.3
    总计(2004)610.471757.57
    生活垃圾1728[24]
    27—225[25]
    12200217[23]
    56—607[60]
    危险废物70—3270[60]
    工业废物302500103[23]
    医疗废物97800272[23]
    780—473930[26]
    1923.60.466[20]
    总计(2013)1280[61]
    总计(2016)2469[4]
    钢铁生产铁矿石烧结1522.51523.4[3]
    钢铁冶炼150.91125.4
    铸铁生产10.797
    炼焦239.2252.6
    总计(2004)1923.312998.4
    铁矿石烧结1582.95[30]
    772.2—827.9[37]
    1330—7610[38]
    180±220[36]
    电弧炉1245.85[30]
    270±23[36]
    3160[37]
    177—869[38]
    炼焦160.09[30]
    28.9(WHO)[62]
    总计(2011)6817[63]
    总计(2012)618[64]
    总计(2015)1216.83[35]
    总计(2016)5333[4]
    总计(2018)2240[30]
    有色金属生产铜生产4031133.8[3]
    铝生产133.5365.5
    铅生产13.417.4
    其他12.9951.85
    总计(2004)562.891568.55
    铜生产38.5、651(WHO)[49]
    14.2[50]
    铝生产1240.2
    铅生产3140.0
    锌生产166.0
    再生铜241719—1707200[37]
    1480237.5[65-66]
    24451.3[50]
    再生铝147819—434840[37]
    84.8—2720[38]
    再生铅4297[37]
    镁生产412(WHO)[49]
    废旧导线回收5569(WHO)[49]
    水泥窑协同处置水泥窑(2004)365.3365.3[3]
    水泥窑50000.02g[57-58]
    水泥窑0.01—1.35 mg[55]
    上述四类总计(2004)3461.976437.22[3]
    所有污染源总计(2004)5042.410236.8[3]
      注:“—”:表示未提及;其他:包锌、黄铜和青铜、镁等未提及的有色金属生产;
    排放源
    Emission source
    排放因子/(ng·t−1 I-TEQ)
    Emission factor
    年排放量/(g TEQ)
    Annual emission
    参考文献
    References
    大气Atmosphere总量Total
    固体废弃物焚烧生活垃圾125.8338[3]
    危险废物57.27243.27
    医疗废物427.41176.3
    总计(2004)610.471757.57
    生活垃圾1728[24]
    27—225[25]
    12200217[23]
    56—607[60]
    危险废物70—3270[60]
    工业废物302500103[23]
    医疗废物97800272[23]
    780—473930[26]
    1923.60.466[20]
    总计(2013)1280[61]
    总计(2016)2469[4]
    钢铁生产铁矿石烧结1522.51523.4[3]
    钢铁冶炼150.91125.4
    铸铁生产10.797
    炼焦239.2252.6
    总计(2004)1923.312998.4
    铁矿石烧结1582.95[30]
    772.2—827.9[37]
    1330—7610[38]
    180±220[36]
    电弧炉1245.85[30]
    270±23[36]
    3160[37]
    177—869[38]
    炼焦160.09[30]
    28.9(WHO)[62]
    总计(2011)6817[63]
    总计(2012)618[64]
    总计(2015)1216.83[35]
    总计(2016)5333[4]
    总计(2018)2240[30]
    有色金属生产铜生产4031133.8[3]
    铝生产133.5365.5
    铅生产13.417.4
    其他12.9951.85
    总计(2004)562.891568.55
    铜生产38.5、651(WHO)[49]
    14.2[50]
    铝生产1240.2
    铅生产3140.0
    锌生产166.0
    再生铜241719—1707200[37]
    1480237.5[65-66]
    24451.3[50]
    再生铝147819—434840[37]
    84.8—2720[38]
    再生铅4297[37]
    镁生产412(WHO)[49]
    废旧导线回收5569(WHO)[49]
    水泥窑协同处置水泥窑(2004)365.3365.3[3]
    水泥窑50000.02g[57-58]
    水泥窑0.01—1.35 mg[55]
    上述四类总计(2004)3461.976437.22[3]
    所有污染源总计(2004)5042.410236.8[3]
      注:“—”:表示未提及;其他:包锌、黄铜和青铜、镁等未提及的有色金属生产;
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  PCDD/Fs的全过程控制方法

    Table 2.  Whole process control method of PCDD/Fs

    过程
    Process
    方法
    Method
    参考文献
    References
    生成前物料预处理、添加辅助燃料、配制垃圾衍生燃料等[69-70]
    生成中改进炉膛结构、调整工作参数(含氧量、气体湍流度、温度区间及停留时间、多段燃烧等)、含硫含氮抑制剂(硫脲、氨、含硫煤等)、烟气循环、烟气急冷等[69, 71-74]
    生成后活性炭吸附、除尘器拦截(袋式、静电等除尘器等)、选择性催化还原、光降解、等离子体降解、高级氧化等[72, 75-80]
    过程
    Process
    方法
    Method
    参考文献
    References
    生成前物料预处理、添加辅助燃料、配制垃圾衍生燃料等[69-70]
    生成中改进炉膛结构、调整工作参数(含氧量、气体湍流度、温度区间及停留时间、多段燃烧等)、含硫含氮抑制剂(硫脲、氨、含硫煤等)、烟气循环、烟气急冷等[69, 71-74]
    生成后活性炭吸附、除尘器拦截(袋式、静电等除尘器等)、选择性催化还原、光降解、等离子体降解、高级氧化等[72, 75-80]
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 3  不同行业烟气PCDD/Fs排放控制标准

    Table 3.  PCDD/Fs emission control standard for different industries

    行业
    Industry
    限值/(ng·m−3 TEQ)
    Limiting value
    开始时间
    Time
    参考文献
    References
    生活垃圾焚烧0.12014[82]
    危险废物焚烧0.52001[83]
    火葬场0.52015[84]
    炼钢工业(电炉、烧结、球团)0.52012[85-86]
    再生铜、铝、铅、锌0.52015[87]
    水泥窑协同处置固体废物0.12013[88]
    行业
    Industry
    限值/(ng·m−3 TEQ)
    Limiting value
    开始时间
    Time
    参考文献
    References
    生活垃圾焚烧0.12014[82]
    危险废物焚烧0.52001[83]
    火葬场0.52015[84]
    炼钢工业(电炉、烧结、球团)0.52012[85-86]
    再生铜、铝、铅、锌0.52015[87]
    水泥窑协同处置固体废物0.12013[88]
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 4  工业烟气PCDD/Fs控制技术

    Table 4.  Collaborative dioxin control technology for industrial flue gas

    工业类型
    Industrial Type
    空气污染控制装置
    Air pollution control devices(APCDs)
    进口
    Before
    出口
    After
    效率
    Efficiency
    参考文献
    Reference
    固体废弃物焚烧生活垃圾焚烧SDS+DS+AC+BF+SCR0.22530.002898.76%[89]
    SNCR+SDS+AC+BF0.0365[98]
    0.076—0.153[107]
    0.007—0.095[25]
    SDS+AC+BF+SCR0.41[108]
    0.06[108]
    热交换+SDS+AC+BF2.580.024699%[109]
    急冷+SDS+AC+BF0.45[94]
    SDS+AC+BF0.078[110]
    0.008—0.1291.7%—99.3%[93]
    0.026[94]
    0.099[98]
    DS+AC+BF0.0844[38]
    WDS+AC+BF0.082[98]
    AC+BF0.239[38]
    CY+SDS+BF0.54[111]
    WDS+BF0.50[94]
    SDS+BF1.33[94]
    CY+ESP16.1370.94694.14%[112]
    CY+ESP+BF0.231.948-747%[112]
    0.4365.018-1051%[112]
    危险废物焚烧VS+CY+AC+BF1130.054(WHO)99.95%[90]
    SDS+AC+BF0.01—11.91[92]
    AC+BF0.225[38]
    医疗废弃物焚烧SDS+AC+BF+WDS5.320.0798.68%[91]
    DS+AC+BF1.64[38]
    SDS+AC+BF0.07—12.21[92]
    SDS+BF0.07
    钢铁生产电弧炉炼钢BF0.17[113]
    0.148—0.757[38]
    0.34[37]
    ESP+脱硫0.003—0.557[36]
    烧结ESP+WFGD2.3±0.560.99±0.53[99]
    ESP+SFGD0.32—0.690.022—0.2[99]
    WFGD+WESP0.15[103]
    钢铁生产烧结ESP+SCR0.137—0.657[38]
    ESP0.233[38]
    0.005—0.48[37]
    BF0.006—0.057[36]
    炼焦BF(4.9—89.3)×10−3 (WHO)[33]
    0.00870[38]
    (0.0039—0.03)×10−3[114]
    有色金属生产再生铜BF0.310[38]
    0.84[115]
    0.004—0.37[46]
    0.009—1.29[47]
    再生锌GS或ESP+BF0.48[103, 115]
    再生铅BF
    ESP+GS+BF
    0.05
    BF+WDS+DS0.037[37]
    再生铝AC+BF0.1[45]
    BF(5.68—44)×10−3[38]
    2.05[37]
    WDS0.88[37]
    水泥窑水泥窑协同处置ESP5.9×10−3[115103]
    (9.3—49.3)×10−3[116]
    0.01—0.19[55]
    BF0.076[106]
    (17.8—90.8) ×10−3[116]
    0.01—0.46[55]
    WDS0.04[55]
      单位:ng·m−3 I-TEQ:“—”:未提及;WDS:湿法除尘器;CY:旋风除尘器;VS:文丘里洗涤器;WFGD:湿法脱硫;SFGD:半干法脱硫;WESP:湿法静电除尘;GS:重力沉降
      unit:ng·m−3 I-TEQ;“—”:Not Reported;WDS:Wet dust collector;CY:Cyclone dust collector;VS:Venturi scrubber;WFGD:Wet flue gas desulfurization;SFGD:Semi-dry desulphurization;WESP:Wet electrostatic precipitator;GS:Gravity settling
    工业类型
    Industrial Type
    空气污染控制装置
    Air pollution control devices(APCDs)
    进口
    Before
    出口
    After
    效率
    Efficiency
    参考文献
    Reference
    固体废弃物焚烧生活垃圾焚烧SDS+DS+AC+BF+SCR0.22530.002898.76%[89]
    SNCR+SDS+AC+BF0.0365[98]
    0.076—0.153[107]
    0.007—0.095[25]
    SDS+AC+BF+SCR0.41[108]
    0.06[108]
    热交换+SDS+AC+BF2.580.024699%[109]
    急冷+SDS+AC+BF0.45[94]
    SDS+AC+BF0.078[110]
    0.008—0.1291.7%—99.3%[93]
    0.026[94]
    0.099[98]
    DS+AC+BF0.0844[38]
    WDS+AC+BF0.082[98]
    AC+BF0.239[38]
    CY+SDS+BF0.54[111]
    WDS+BF0.50[94]
    SDS+BF1.33[94]
    CY+ESP16.1370.94694.14%[112]
    CY+ESP+BF0.231.948-747%[112]
    0.4365.018-1051%[112]
    危险废物焚烧VS+CY+AC+BF1130.054(WHO)99.95%[90]
    SDS+AC+BF0.01—11.91[92]
    AC+BF0.225[38]
    医疗废弃物焚烧SDS+AC+BF+WDS5.320.0798.68%[91]
    DS+AC+BF1.64[38]
    SDS+AC+BF0.07—12.21[92]
    SDS+BF0.07
    钢铁生产电弧炉炼钢BF0.17[113]
    0.148—0.757[38]
    0.34[37]
    ESP+脱硫0.003—0.557[36]
    烧结ESP+WFGD2.3±0.560.99±0.53[99]
    ESP+SFGD0.32—0.690.022—0.2[99]
    WFGD+WESP0.15[103]
    钢铁生产烧结ESP+SCR0.137—0.657[38]
    ESP0.233[38]
    0.005—0.48[37]
    BF0.006—0.057[36]
    炼焦BF(4.9—89.3)×10−3 (WHO)[33]
    0.00870[38]
    (0.0039—0.03)×10−3[114]
    有色金属生产再生铜BF0.310[38]
    0.84[115]
    0.004—0.37[46]
    0.009—1.29[47]
    再生锌GS或ESP+BF0.48[103, 115]
    再生铅BF
    ESP+GS+BF
    0.05
    BF+WDS+DS0.037[37]
    再生铝AC+BF0.1[45]
    BF(5.68—44)×10−3[38]
    2.05[37]
    WDS0.88[37]
    水泥窑水泥窑协同处置ESP5.9×10−3[115103]
    (9.3—49.3)×10−3[116]
    0.01—0.19[55]
    BF0.076[106]
    (17.8—90.8) ×10−3[116]
    0.01—0.46[55]
    WDS0.04[55]
      单位:ng·m−3 I-TEQ:“—”:未提及;WDS:湿法除尘器;CY:旋风除尘器;VS:文丘里洗涤器;WFGD:湿法脱硫;SFGD:半干法脱硫;WESP:湿法静电除尘;GS:重力沉降
      unit:ng·m−3 I-TEQ;“—”:Not Reported;WDS:Wet dust collector;CY:Cyclone dust collector;VS:Venturi scrubber;WFGD:Wet flue gas desulfurization;SFGD:Semi-dry desulphurization;WESP:Wet electrostatic precipitator;GS:Gravity settling
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2022-07-07
  • 录用日期:  2022-09-16
  • 刊出日期:  2023-05-27

工业过程二恶英的排放特征及其控制技术

    通讯作者: Tel:13466359131,E-mail:puwang@jhun.edu.cn
  • 1. 江汉大学省部共建精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉,430056
  • 2. 工业烟尘污染控制湖北省重点实验室,环境与健康学院,江汉大学,武汉,430056
  • 3. 国民核生化灾害防护国家重点实验室,北京,102205
基金项目:
江汉大学省部共建精细爆破国家重点实验室自主研究课题(PBSKL2022103)和国家自然科学基金(41977327)资助.

摘要: 工业排放是环境中二恶英(PCDD/Fs)最主要的人为排放源. 2010年我国九部委联合发布PCDD/Fs污染防治指导意见,之后出台多项政策要求对主要行业持久性有机污染物(POPs)开展污染防治. 在一系列防治措施下,PCDD/Fs的工业排放水平有所下降,整体取得良好成效. 本文针对固体废弃物焚烧、钢铁生产、有色金属生产和水泥窑协同处置四类主要行业的PCDD/Fs排放研究进展进行综述,阐述了不同行业PCDD/Fs排放量、排放特征及其变化趋势,比较分析了目前四类主要行业针对PCDD/Fs排放的控制技术及其效果,并对烟气中PCDD/Fs污染控制技术的发展方向进行了展望. 本文可为更加深入地了解工业排放PCDD/Fs的研究现状以及污染控制技术提供参考.

English Abstract

  • 二恶英(dioxins)是一类具有相似结构和性质的氯代芳香烃族杂环化合物的统称,包括多氯代二苯并-对-二恶英(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,PCDDs)和多氯代二苯并呋喃(polychlorinated dibenzofurans,PCDFs),共有210个同族体. PCDD/Fs作为典型的非故意产生的持久性有机污染物(UP-POPs),其来源包括自然源和人为源两大类,前者包括火山爆发、森林火灾等一些自然过程,后者包括固体废弃物焚烧、钢铁生产、有色金属生产、含氯化学品生产和纸浆漂白等工业过程. 由于环境中的PCDD/Fs主要来源于人类活动,自然排放的PCDD/Fs极少,故针对PCDD/Fs的研究主要围绕人为源展开[1-2].

    研究显示,2004年我国PCDD/Fs大气排放量为5042 g毒性当量(TEQ),之后一段时间未见官方统计数据,但有研究指出2016年我国PCDD/Fs大气排放量为10366 g TEQ[3-4],尽管不同研究中对排放因子和生产强度的选择差异较大,导致PCDD/Fs大气排放量的计算存在一定差异[5],但金属生产、固体废弃物焚烧等工业污染源导致的PCDD/Fs排放量占大气总排放量的90%以上[4]. 因此积极削减工业源排放的PCDD/Fs是其污染防治的关键,也是我国履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》,推动国内经济高质量发展和生态文明建设的必然选择.

    2010年我国加强大气污染物防治,工业废气治理投资快速增长,并于2014年达到峰值[6]. 但截止2018年,我国除固体废弃物焚烧行业外的其他行业专门针对UP-POPs控制的措施十分有限,且相关工作多停留在实验室研究阶段[7],与2010年的研究状况几近相似[8]. 减少工业污染源UP-POPs的排放仍然是我国POPs污染控制面临的最大挑战[7].

    尽管目前对PCDD/Fs的工业排放源已有大量研究报道,但对于不同工业的PCDD/Fs排放特征、污染控制措施及其成效评估的文献综述仍然相对较少,且近年来随着工业的发展,不同工业PCDD/Fs排放特征和排放量也发生了一定的变化,因此,有必要进一步对比以前和近年来PCDD/Fs排放特征、控制措施变化. 根据联合国环境规划署(UNEP)在2013年提出的《鉴别及量化PCDD/Fs类排放标准工具包》以及其他研究对不同行业PCDD/Fs的排放因子及排放量的核算结果[9-12],本文选取固体废弃物焚烧、钢铁生产、有色金属生产和水泥窑协同处置固体废弃物这四类排放因子较大、生产强度较高的行业为主要研究对象,系统总结了固体废弃物焚烧、钢铁生产、有色金属生产和水泥窑协同处置四类重要工业源PCDD/Fs排放的相关研究进展,阐述了不同行业PCDD/Fs排放特征及及其变化趋势,比较分析了这四类重要行业针对PCDD/Fs排放采取的控制技术及其效果,在此基础上对工业生产过程中PCDD/Fs污染控制技术的发展方向进行了展望. 本文可为更加深入了解工业排放PCDD/Fs的研究现状及其污染控制技术提供参考.

    • 焚烧等工业热过程中的PCDD/Fs生成机理包括高温气相合成、低温异相催化前驱体反应和低温异相催化从头合成等. 异相反应被认为是热过程PCDD/Fs的主要生成机理,可通过分析样品中PCDFs/PCDDs比值是否大于1来判断某排放源的PCDD/Fs生成途径是从头合成还是前驱体反应占主导地位[13].

    • 固体废弃物焚烧主要指生活垃圾、危险废物、医疗废弃物等固体废弃物的焚烧[3, 7]. 焚烧能减少70%—80%的质量以及90%的体积[14],且焚烧产生的热能不仅能有效杀灭病原体,还可以用来发电[15-16],因此焚烧逐渐成为固体废弃物集中处置的首选方法[17-18]. 2010—2020年,我国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理量从2317万t增长到14608万t(年增长率为53.0%),处理量和增长率均超过传统的填埋处理(9598万t下降为7772万t,年增长率为-19.0%);危险废物产生量从1587万t增长到7282万t,年增长率为35.9%[6, 19].

      从PCDD/Fs指纹分布看,大部分固体废弃物焚烧产生的烟气中PCDD/Fs以7—8氯代同族体为主,少部分以4—5氯代同族体为主,且PCDFs/PCDDs比值通常显著大于1,其生成机理主要为从头合成[7, 20-22]. 从PCDD/Fs排放量,2004年我国固体废物焚烧大气PCDD/Fs排放量为610 g TEQ(占大气PCDD/Fs排放量12.1%),2016年为2469 g TEQ(占大气PCDD/Fs排放量23.8%)[3-4],同2004年相比,2016年我国固体废弃物焚烧PCDD/Fs排放量增加1859 g TEQ(304.8%),排放占比升高11.7%. 在焚烧量相同的情况下,焚烧医疗废弃物和危险废弃物产生的PCDD/Fs要远高于生活垃圾焚烧的排放量[23].

      固体废弃物焚烧厂因规模、工艺和操作控制等差异较大,PCDD/Fs的排放水平有很大差别(0.5—3500 μg·t−1 TEQ)[11]. Ni等[24]在2009年的研究中指出,我国生活垃圾焚烧过程中PCDD/Fs的平均排放因子为1728 ng·t−1 TEQ,这与2013年UNEP提供的排放因子参考范围相一致[11],2018年Zhu等[25]的研究结果显示排放因子有所下降(27—225 ng·t−1 I-TEQ),其均值为170 ng·t−1 I-TEQ,这可能与后来的焚烧厂采取更加完善的控制措施有关. 若以2020年我国生活垃圾焚烧量14608万 t[6]和Zhu等的排放因子[25]进行推测,我国2020年生活垃圾焚烧PCDD/Fs排放量达3.9—36.7 g TEQ. 对于医疗废弃物,Cao等[26]2009年的研究指出我国此类焚烧炉烟气中PCDD/Fs排放因子为0.78—474 μg·t−1 I-TEQ,据此估算的当年医疗废弃物焚烧产生的PCDD/Fs为4.87 g TEQ;若以2019年我国医疗废弃物产量(226万 t)[27]进行推测,PCDD/Fs年排放量可达1.76—1071 g I-TEQ.

      总体相比于2004年,2016年我国固体废弃物焚烧行业大气PCDD/Fs总排放量增加1859 g TEQ(304.8%),排放占比升高11.7%[3-4]. 同时,由于焚烧技术的推广,新冠疫情后医疗废弃物的产量急剧增加(增幅可达24.7%)[28],危险废弃物处置量于2020年首次超过产生量[6, 19],这可能直接导致固体废弃物焚烧PCDD/Fs排放量的增加,然而相关研究报道比较欠缺,相关工作有待进一步开展.

    • 钢铁生产流程可分为长流程和短流程两种,其中长流程是指以铁矿石为原料,以烧结、球团、炼焦、高炉炼铁、转炉炼钢和轧钢等工序为整套流程的生产工艺;短流程则是以废钢和直接还原铁为原料,直接从电炉炼钢开始的生产工艺[29]. 我国长流程炼钢约占90%左右[30],但因电炉炼钢过程中废钢原料中的塑料和油漆等有机物对该过程PCDD/Fs的产生有重要影响[31],故本文中的钢铁生产主要是指长流程生产工艺和电炉炼钢.

      炼焦、烧结、电弧炉炼钢等钢铁生产过程中生成的PCDD/Fs均以7-8氯代同族体为主,且PCDFs/PCDDs比值大于1,其主要生成途径为从头合成[11, 32-34]. 从排放量来看,2004年我国钢铁行业大气PCDD/Fs排放量为1923 g TEQ,而针对2016年的研究则估算为5333 g TEQ,同2004年相比PCDD/Fs排放量增加177.3%[3-4]. 我国钢铁生产行业大气PCDD/Fs排放的90%以上集中在3个环节:铁矿石烧结(60%以上)、电弧炉炼钢(20%—30%)和炼焦(5%—10%)[35-36],因此后续研究控制应重点关注这些主要过程.

      汤铃等[30]对我国966家钢铁企业(占我国粗钢产量96.4%)进行研究表明,2018年我国钢铁行业烧结和电炉工序的PCDD/Fs排放因子分别为1583、1246 ng I-TEQ·t−1,而炼焦等其它工序的排放因子小于300 ng I-TEQ·t−1;关于烧结和电炉排放PCDD/Fs的研究结果与Wang等[37-38]的结果基本一致(1330—7610 ng·t−1 I-TEQ和177—869 ng·t−1 I-TEQ),但远高于2020年杨艳艳等[36]的研究结果((180±220)ng·t−1 I-TEQ和(270±230 ng·t−1 )I-TEQ),这可能与后者所涉及的研究企业数量较少、生产工艺和污染控制措施较为先进等因素有关. 根据汤铃[30]等获得的排放因子和高炉炼铁物料平衡关系(每 t生铁需要1.6 t铁矿石和0.4 t焦炭)[39-41],结合我国2020年生铁和粗钢产量(分别为88898、106477万 t)[6],2020年我国烧结和电弧炉炼钢大气PCDD/Fs排放量分别为2252 g I-TEQ和133 g I-TEQ(焦炭和转炉炼钢分别为57 g I-TEQ、266 g I-TEQ),明显高于固体废弃物焚烧的PCDD/Fs估算值.

      总体来看,相比于2004年,2016年我国钢铁行业大气PCDD/Fs排放量增加3410 g TEQ(117.3%),排放占比升高13.3%[3-4];同时结合现有数据对我国钢铁行业大气PCDD/Fs的排放进行计算,结果表明目前钢铁行业仍具有较高的大气PCDD/Fs排放水平,因此,针对该行业PCDD/Fs排放及其控制的研究仍需持续加强.

    • 有色金属生产包括有色金属生产和再生有色金属生产,其中再生有色金属生产因原料中含废弃导线、电子部件和废旧塑料等,为PCDD/Fs的产生提供了丰富的氯源,经物料中的铜、铁等金属的催化后可生成大量PCDD/Fs(与有色金属生产相比可增加1—3个数量级)[37, 42-43]. 有色金属种类丰富,原料和生产工艺的不同对PCDD/Fs的排放特征和排放量有较大影响,但多数研究表明有色金属行业排放的PCDD/Fs主要源于铝、铜、铅生产过程[42, 44].

      从指纹分布来看,铜生产过程中产生的PCDD/Fs多以7—8氯代同族体为主,且高氯代单体比例同原料中废铜含量成正比;而铝、铅、镁生产过程中多以4—7氯代同族体为主,主要生成途径为从头合成[45-48]. 从排放量来看,2004年我国有色金属行业大气PCDD/Fs排放量为563 g I-TEQ[3];近年来关于有色金属行业PCDD/Fs排放的研究数据较少,文献报道2013年再生铝生产过程中PCDD/Fs排放量为609 g I-TEQ[42],高于2004年有色金属行业的总排放量,由此推测2004至2013年有色金属生产行业PCDD/Fs排放量可能呈现出一定的增加趋势.

      聂志强[49]对铜、镁冶炼以及废旧导线焚烧回收过程的研究表明,PCDD/Fs排放因子范围为38.5—5569 ng·t−1 TEQ;这与Yu等[38, 50]的研究结果基本一致(14.2—24451 ng·t−1 I-TEQ),但远低于Zou等[37]的研究结果(0.24—1.7 g·t−1 I-TEQ,其中二次铅生产的排放因子为4297 ng·t−1 I-TEQ). 排放因子范围变化较大的原因可能与有色金属类型、生产原料、生产工艺和控制措施等有关. 目前有色金属产量以精炼铜、电解铝以及十种有色金属总产量来核算,因此难以对有色金属行业排放的PCDD/Fs进行相对精细的计算,但2004至2020年我国十类有色金属总产量从1430万t增加到6188万t[6, 51],相关生产过程排放的PCDD/Fs总量可能出现相应增加.

    • 因固体废弃物中含有水泥生产所需的部分原料,同时水泥窑的工作温度较高(1600 ℃以上)、物料停留时间长(30 min以上),因此水泥窑常被开发用于固体废弃物的协同处置[52-53]. 但固体废弃物中的大量氯源和金属催化剂在高温过程中可能导致PCDD/Fs的产生[3],因此水泥窑协同处置也是PCDD/Fs的排放源. 水泥窑协同处置过程中废弃物的类型、添加量、处理工艺等均会影响PCDD/Fs的排放特征和排放量[54].

      从指纹分布特征看,除少数样品中PCDD/Fs以7—8氯代同族体为主外,大部分水泥窑协同处置过程产生的PCDD/Fs以4—6氯代同族体为主[53-56],主要生成途径为从头合成. 从排放量看,2004年我国水泥生产过程PCDD/Fs排放量为365.3 g TEQ[3]. 张婧等[57]研究指出,不同炉型的水泥窑PCDD/Fs排放因子差别可达100倍,而我国主要采用的水泥立窑生产工艺,PCDD/Fs排放因子为5.0 μg·t−1 TEQ,远高于干法旋窑. Aykan[58]对协同处置危险废物和医疗废弃物的水泥窑进行研究,结果表明烟气中PCDD/Fs排放量为每年0.02 g. 2018年Zou等[55]研究指出,我国水泥窑协同处置过程PCDD/Fs排放因子为0.01—1.35 mg·t−1 I-TEQ. 尽管2020年我国水泥生产高达339736万 t[6],但其中协同处置固体废弃物生产的水泥比例并不清晰,无法对该过程PCDD/Fs排放量进行计算[59]. 以水泥工业计划中提出的2015年建成10%的协同处置水泥厂的目标来推算[59],水泥窑PCDD/Fs排放量将达到2397 g I-TEQ,这与钢铁生产行业的排放量几乎相当. 由于我国水泥窑协同处置固体废弃物的生产线投产较晚,相关研究的基础数据仍然较少,因此加强水泥窑协调处置固体废弃物过程中PCDD/Fs的排放监测研究十分必要,可为准确评估该行业PCDD/Fs排放量提供重要科学依据.

    • 基于以上排放特征分析,固体废弃物焚烧、钢铁生产和铜生产排放的PCDD/Fs多以7—8氯代同族体为主,而水泥窑协同处置和铅、铝等有色金属生产过程中多以4—6/7氯代同族体为主;尽管不同行业的PCDD/Fs指纹分布特征有所不同,但均以呋喃类为主要同族体,表明其来源主要为从头合成机理[20, 34, 45, 54].

      从排放量分析(表1图1),PCDD/Fs排放量依次为钢铁生产>固体废弃物焚烧>有色金属生产>水泥窑协同处置;依据现有文献数据进行估算,2020年PCDD/Fs排放量依次为钢铁生产>水泥窑协同处置>有色金属色生产>固体废弃物焚烧,但水泥窑协同处置的排放量存在较大不确定性,仍需要更多的研究结果进行支撑.

    • 相比于发达国家,我国PCDD/Fs污染控制工作起步较晚[67]. 根据PCDD/Fs的生成机理及其来源,PCDD/Fs的控制主要针对生成前、生成中和生成后三个过程开展相关工作[44]. 原料中的PCDD/Fs大多在高温下可直接分解,因此高温再生成是PCDD/Fs排放量的主要来源,故PCDD/Fs的控制减排主要通过控制运行的工作参数、添加抑制剂或增加末端空气污染控制装置(APCDs)等措施[68](详见表2),本文主要针对工业烟气末端处理装置及其控制效果进行综述介绍.

      由于不同行业烟气中PCDD/Fs的排放特征和浓度有所差别,烟气温度、烟气量、烟气中粉尘和氮氧化物等常规污染物的种类和数量相差较大,因此不同行业APCDs存在一定差异,而PCDD/Fs多以协同净化为主[81],且不同行业排放控制标准不尽相同(见表3),因此本文针对不同行业的措施效果分别进行综述.

    • 固体废弃物焚烧作为PCDD/Fs主要的排放源,相关控制技术比较完善[7]. Wei等[89]研究发现,经过垃圾发酵等预处理措施和焚烧参数控制后,采用半干洗涤器(SDS)+干洗涤器(DS)+活性炭喷射(AC)+袋式除尘器(BF)+选择性催化还原(SCR)技术组成的APCDs对烟气中PCDD/Fs进行脱除,最终的排放水平可达0.0028 ng·m−3I-TEQ,远低于0.1 ng·m−3 I-TEQ的控制标准;许多研究也表明,通过良好的过程和末端控制,固体废弃物焚烧厂烟气中PCDD/Fs的排放基本都能满足相关标准要求[25, 90-91]. 值得注意的是,一些研究也报道了焚烧厂由于控制技术不达标或不稳定,造成存在PCDD/Fs超标排放的现象(排放水平最高可达8.12 ng·m−3 I-TEQ,均值为0.423 ng·m−3 I-TEQ)[20, 24-26, 92-95]. 基于已有文献报道(表4),目前固体废弃物焚烧行业的PCDD/Fs末端控制技术基本以AC+BF为主,配以SDS、DS、WS、SCR、SCNR等不同技术组成APCDs,可有效降低烟气中PCDD/Fs浓度[96-98].

    • 钢铁生产流程较长,不同工序烟气理化性质差异较大,其中烧结因烟气温度高、含尘量大等原因不适合使用BF,而静电除尘器(ESP)使用较为普遍[99]. 2018年,我国烧结和炼钢的PCDD/Fs达标率仅为33.3%和66.7%[100-101]. 近期研究表明[36, 102],截止2021年,我国钢铁行业排放烟气中PCDD/Fs的浓度范围为0.05—2.93 ng·m−3 I-TEQ,均值为0.42 ng·m−3 I-TEQ,同2005—2019年相比下降1—2个数量级,能够满足0.5 ng·m−3 I-TEQ的排放要求. 钢铁生产行业的PCDD/Fs末端控制技术以ESP或BF为主,配备SCR、湿法脱硫等脱硫脱硝技术组成的APCDs(表4),可对PCDD/Fs等污染物进行协同控制. 尽管排放烟气中PCDD/Fs的浓度能够达到0.5 ng·m−3 I-TEQ的排放要求,但其排放浓度仍普遍高于固体废弃物焚烧行业. 因此钢铁行业尤其是烧结、电炉炼钢等工序的PCDD/Fs排放形势仍较为严峻,相关污染控制研究工作需进一步加强.

    • 有色金属生产通常采用的烟气PCDD/Fs控制技术见表4. 目前我国对再生有色金属生产行业烟气PCDD/Fs的排放限值为0.5 ng·m−3 TEQ [87]. 研究表明[47, 103],有色金属生产厂采用以BF或ESP为主要控制技术时,烟气中PCDD/Fs排放水平为0.009—0.13 ng·m−3 I-TEQ,能够持续满足0.5 ng·m−3 TEQ的限值要求. 但部分工厂排放PCDD/Fs的水平接近甚至超过限值要求(表4),且有色金属生产厂PCDD/Fs排放超标率可达22.2%[101]. 这表明能否有效利用现有控制技术(如BF或ESP为主的烟气污染控制系统)对有色金属行业的PCDD/Fs污染控制具有重要影响.

    • 水泥窑协同处置行业针对烟气污染采取的控制技术和手段见表4. 水泥工业本身对排放的烟气中PCDD/Fs浓度水平并无明确限值,目前协同处置固体废物的水泥窑烟气中PCDD/Fs排放限值为0.1 ng·m−3 TEQ [88, 104]. 尽管水泥窑协同处置固体废物时原料中PCDD/Fs浓度较高,但经过高温分解处理后,烟气采用BF、BF+SNCR(选择性非还原催化)或ESP为主的APCDs进行净化,PCDD/Fs排放水平可达0.011—0.076 ng·m−3 I-TEQ[55, 103, 105-106],均可使PCDD/Fs以较低浓度排放.

    • 表4中可以看出,目前固体废弃物焚烧行业多以BF或AC+BF为主要技术,配备SDS、DS等非ESP技术组成的APCDs对烟气进行深度净化;钢铁生产、有色金属生产、水泥窑协同处置行业则以BF或ESP为主要技术,配备SDS、脱硫脱硝等技术组成的APCDs对烟气进行处理. 当过程控制和末端控制均能得到有效保障时,烟气中PCDD/Fs的排放水多处于较低水平,但钢铁生产和有色金属生产的PCDD/Fs排放强度仍然明显高于其他行业.

    • 本文系统的总结了固体废弃物焚烧、钢铁生产、有色金属生产和水泥窑协同处置等四类主要行业烟气中PCDD/Fs排放特征及污染控制的研究进展. 从排放特征来看,水泥窑协同处置行业排放的PCDD/Fs以4—6/7氯代同族体为主要单体,而固体废弃物焚烧、钢铁生产、有色金属生产等行业排放的PCDD/Fs以7—8氯代同族体为主,四类工业源的主要生成机理均为从头合成;从现有排放量数据来看,2004—2016年我国大气PCDD/Fs总排放量上升明显,PCDD/Fs排放量依次为:钢铁生产>固体废弃物焚烧>有色金属生产>水泥窑协同处置;依据现有文献数据进行估算,2020年PCDD/Fs排放量依次为钢铁生产>水泥窑协同处置>有色金属色生产>固体废弃物焚烧,但水泥窑协同处置固体废弃物产生PCDD/Fs的研究仍比较有限,相关工作亟需加强.

      从烟气中PCDD/Fs的控制技术来看,在传统污染控制装置基础上增加活性炭吸附、催化剂、抑制剂等可以有效降低PCDD/Fs的大气排放[117-119]. 但目前各类工业源的PCDD/Fs末端控制多以除尘器结合吸附脱除装置为主,并未实现PCDD/Fs的总量削减;此外由于记忆效应导致的PCDD/Fs排放水平变化以及飞灰中高浓度PCDD/Fs带来的固废处置问题也给现有技术升级带来较大难度[46, 89, 120-123],因此,如何有效控制PCDD/Fs的排放总量仍然面临极大挑战. 末端控制技术方面,AC+BF吸附技术存在活性炭使用量大、价格高、活性炭吸附效率低、存在记忆效应、产生高毒性粉煤灰等缺点[108, 124-127],近年来,生物质制备活性炭、活性炭改性处理、双袋式除尘器、喷射聚丙烯胺、协同处置粉煤灰、热等离子体、紫外光降解等技术逐渐得到开发,能够有效改善或避免吸附法存在的问题[76-80, 128-136],然而诸多新技术尚停留在实验室阶段,且PCDD/Fs降解技术还存在反应时间长、去除效率不稳定等问题[137-140]. 因此尚无法在企业层面上推广应用.

      一些针对工业过程中PCDD/Fs生成的研究发现,传统硫脲、硫酸铵等含N或含S的抑制剂存在氨溢出、额外成本等问题,研发使用无氨溢出风险的氧化钙,或采用含N或P的污泥等作为抑制剂可降低污染控制成本,且具有良好的抑制PCDD/Fs生成的控制效果[141-145],可能是未来控制某些工业过程中PCDD/Fs排放的重要技术手段.

      基于以上研究现状,本文对典型工业过程中PCDD/Fs排放特征及其污染控制研究做以下两方面展望:

      (1) 工业过程是PCDD/Fs人为排放的主要来源,尽管我国已经制定了相关行业的排放标准,排放总量也有所下降,但是部分行业仍然存在PCDD/Fs排放量增加的趋势,因此及时更新典型行业PCDD/Fs排放因子并完善排放清单,对于我国履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》和降低PCDD/Fs暴露风险具有重要意义.

      (2) 对工业排放PCDD/Fs的控制应遵循“源头-过程-末端”的全过程控制原则. 开发新技术新材料,通过对原料预处理等措施从源头上弱化PCDD/Fs生成条件;通过添加抑制剂等措施从过程中减少PCDD/Fs的生成;积极研发PCDD/Fs的催化降解技术,结合活性炭吸附等末端控制技术可实现PCDD/Fs排放总量的有效削减.

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