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邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)作为增塑剂,被大量添加在塑料、涂料、化肥和化妆品等商品中. 根据信息处理服务公司(Information handling services,IHS)的一份报告,2014年全球生产和消费的增塑剂为840万吨,其中PAEs类占了70%[1]. 预计2017—2022年全球对PAEs的需求将以年均1.3%的速度增长[2]. 目前,PAEs在中国每年的生产量和消费量大约为130万吨,占全球总量的20%[3]. 鉴于PAEs不是通过稳定的化学键与产品结合,此类化合物很容易通过多种方式释放到环境中,例如工业和市政废水排放、固体废物处置和浸出、产品使用过程中的迁移和挥发[4-6]. 研究表明全球大多数人群均已暴露于PAEs中,并且已在人体血清和脂肪中发现PAEs的存在[7]. 人体暴露于PAEs的主要途径为食物和饮用水的摄入[8-9],其中饮用水作为每日必须摄入的介质,其中含有的PAEs对人体的影响近年来受到了广泛关注[5,10-11].
邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(dinethyl phthalate,DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(diethyl phthalate,DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(di-n-phthalate,DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯(butylbenzyl phthalate,BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(di-n-octyl phthalate,DNOP)已被联合国列入优先管控污染物[12],DMP、DBP和DEHP也已被列入我国水环境优先控制污染物黑名单,但均未列入我国2017年和2020年出台的两批《优先控制化学品名录》中. 我国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)、《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)、《城市供水水质标准》(CJ/T206-2005)中也规定了部分PAEs的限值. DEHP由于存在最多的健康和环境问题,已被归类为国际癌症研究机构(IARC)确定的可能对人类致癌的物质[13]. 尽管近几年来,PAEs在各类饮用水环境中的检出引起了人们的重视,研究范围涉及水源水、自来水和瓶装水等样品,但针对江苏省沿江城市居民住宅自来水的研究几近空白.
本研究选取江苏省不同区域居民自来水中的PAEs作为研究对象,分析PAEs的污染特征,检验加热煮沸过程对自来水中的PAEs是否具有去除效果,评估经口摄入的人体健康风险,以期为全省饮用水健康安全管控提供科学支撑.
江苏省自来水中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征及风险评估
Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in tap water from Jiangsu Province
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摘要: 为了解江苏省不同地区自来水中邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)污染特征与风险水平,采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)定性定量分析法,对江苏省沿江8市40户居民自来水中6种优控PAEs进行检测,分析了PAEs的污染水平,并开展人体健康风险评估. 结果表明,PAEs在40份水样中均有检出,∑PAEs检出范围为4.10—14.23 μg·L−1,平均值为(8.43±2.76)μg·L−1. DBP和DMP是自来水中PAEs的主要组成成分,约占∑PAEs总浓度的50%,其中DBP检出率为100%. 与全球其他国家和地区相比,江苏省居民自来水中PAEs浓度处于中等偏上水平. 加热煮沸过程可以降低自来水中PAEs浓度,但程度有限. 健康风险评估结果显示,研究区域内DEHP的致癌风险指数均小于最大可接受风险水平(1×10−6),∑PAEs的非致癌风险指数处于8.18×10−3—1.92×10−2,远小于1. 江苏省沿江8市居民自来水已受到不同程度的PAEs污染,且有部分点位DBP浓度超过《生活饮用水规范》(GB5749-2006)限值(3 μg·L−1),存在潜在的健康风险.Abstract: Jiangsu were overall high compared with other countries and regions around the world. Heating and boiling process could reduce the PAEs content in tap water, but to a limited extent. The results of the health risk assessment showed that the carcinogenic risk indexes of DEHP in this study area were overall below the maximum acceptable risk level of 1×10−6. The non-carcinogenic risk indexes of ∑PAEs were in the range of 8.18×10−3—1.92×10−2, much lower than 1. To conclude, tap water from 8 cities along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province has been polluted by PAEs by varying degrees. In addition, the concentration of DBP at some points has exceeded the limit (3 μg·L−1) of ‘Standard for Drinking Water Quality’(GB5749-2006), which has posed a potential health risk to human beings.
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Key words:
- phthalate esters /
- tap water /
- health risk assessment /
- Jiangsu Province.
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表 1 目标化合物的多反应监测条件
Table 1. MRM parameters for target compounds
化合物
Compounds母离子
Precursor ions(m/z)子离子
Product ions (m/z)解簇电压/V
Declustering potential碰撞能量/V
Collision energyDMP 195.3 163.0* 40 12 195.3 77.1 40 46 DEP 223.1 177.4* 50 25 223.1 149.3 50 12 BBP 313.3 91.3* 68 27 313.3 205.2 68 12 DBP 279.1 149.3* 72 20 279.1 205.2 72 12 DEHP 391.1 167.0* 84 18 391.1 149.0 84 32 DNOP 391.3 261.1* 60 10 391.3 149.0 60 20 表 2 世界其他国家和地区自来水中PAEs含量
Table 2. Concentrations of PAEs in other countries and regions around the world
国家和地区
Country and regionBBP/
(μg·L−1)DBP/
(μg·L−1)DEP/
(μg·L−1)DMP/
(μg·L−1)DNOP/
(μg·L−1)DEHP/
(μg·L−1)∑PAEs/
(μg·L−1)参考文献
Reference江苏省Jiangsu nd—7.39
(0.71)0.34—7.40
(2.01)nd—6.41
(1.40)nd—8.40
(1.93)nd—5.23
(1.23)nd—6.87
(1.93)4.10—14.23
(8.43)本研究 天津市Tianjin 0.44—0.71 0.38—0.68 — — — 1.10—1.78 1.92—2.78
(2.41)[23] 河南省Henan nd 0.93 44.04 38.19 — 12.49 — [24] 武汉市Wuhan — 0.60 0.90 nd — — — [26] 葡萄牙Portugal 0.03 0.52 0.19 0.04 — 0.06 0.02—0.35 [21] 德国Germany 0.05 0.64 0.16 — — 0.06 0.02—0.60 [27] 西班牙Span nd nd—0.91 nd—0.38 nd—0.03 — nd 0.38—0.73 [10] 西班牙Span nd nd 0.19 nd — nd nd—0.19 [28] 法国France nd 0.04 0.03 nd — 0.35 — [22] 希腊Greece — 1.04 0.30 — — 0.93 0.30—1.04 [29] 捷克Czech 0.002 0.05 0.07 0.08 nd 0.66 — [30] 越南Vietnam 0.20—4.21 0.01—2.56 nd—2.57 nd—0.54 nd—1.93 1.01—14.50 2.10—18.00
(11.2)[31] 伊朗Iran 0.05—0.15
(0.10)nd—0.14
(0.09)nd—0.09
(0.05)0.08—0.67
(0.37)nd—0.11
(0.01)nd—0.38
(0.15)0.07—0.52 [11] 注:nd,未检出,not detected;—,未参与检测,not included;( ),平均值,mean level 表 3 江苏省不同城市居民自来水中PAEs非致癌风险
Table 3. Non-carcinogenic risks of PAEs in residential tap water from different cities in Jiangsu Province
城市
CityHIBBP HIDBP HIDEP HIDMP HIDNOP HIDEHP ∑HI 南京Nanjing 1.67×10−5 4.67×10−3 9.36×10−5 na 4.77×10−3 4.17×10−5 9.59×10−3 无锡Wuxi 1.27×10−3 4.72×10−3 2.66×10−4 na 1.07×10−3 9.36×10−4 8.26×10−3 常州Changzhou 1.67×10−5 2.48×10−3 1.23×10−4 na 5.02×10−3 1.64×10−3 9.28×10−3 苏州Suzhou 1.67×10−5 8.69×10−3 4.17×10−5 na 8.33×10−5 3.60×10−3 1.24×10−2 南通Nantong 1.67×10−5 1.58×10−2 4.17×10−5 na 1.26×10−2 3.09×10−3 3.15×10−2 扬州Yangzhou 3.97×10−4 1.15×10−2 4.17×10−5 na 6.66×10−3 1.97×10−3 2.06×10−2 镇江Zhenjiang 1.55×10−4 8.65×10−3 2.86×10−4 na 8.33×10−5 1.18×10−3 1.04×10−2 泰州Taizhou 3.24×10−4 1.60×10−2 4.17×10−5 na 5.91×10−3 2.73×10−3 2.50×10−2 注:na,无参考数据,no reference data -
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