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工业化进程中会产生大量的重金属和有机染料,这是水体的主要污染源,也是全球面临的一个重要难题[1-3]. 重金属离子具有低生物降解性和高毒性,在环境中迁移速度快、分布广泛、长期累积,在通过食物链进入生物体内后,会极大的危害生物体的健康,表现出严重的生态危害[1- 2]. 有机染料含量高、毒性高、难以降解,在水环境中易消耗溶解氧,造成富营养化,危害水体中动植物的健康生长,严重破坏水体的自然生态链[3]. 因此,研究有效去除水中重金属与有机染料的材料与相关行为,对于保护水生态环境具有一定的参考价值和理论意义.
废水中污染物的去除已有多种方法,吸附法因其适应性广、操作简单、环保低成本而被广泛采用[1, 3- 4]. 自然资源因其可再生性,在吸附中常被作为一种载体,借助不同的改性方法制备功能不同的吸附材料,可显著提高其环境应用价值. 已有研究表明,天然类纤维材料可用于吸附废水中的重金属离子[5- 6]和有机染料[3, 7]. 黄麻是一种天然环保型材料,产量高且廉价易得,其表面有较多内孔、裂缝和不规则颗粒,比表面积较大,并含羟基和羧基等基团[8- 9],在制备吸附材料方面具有很好的应用前景. 然而,黄麻的活性组分含量不高,吸附能力和选择性较差,其吸附容量并不足以满足人们对黄麻的预期,限制其在环境中的应用[8, 10].
漆酶是一种具有催化性能的蛋白质,催化效率高、底物范围广,催化后的唯一产物是水[11-12],也能够吸附重金属、硫蛋白等物质,是一种有可能捕获金属的交联剂[11]. 漆酶能够结合介孔纳米纤维[13]、壳聚糖[14]、碳纳米管[15]等基质去除抗生素、农药、苯酚类、染料等. 本文前期使用漆酶改性黄麻对亚甲基蓝染料(MB)进行去除实验研究[16],结果显示漆酶改性黄麻对MB的去除包括黄麻吸附和漆酶酶解机制,去除率最高可达到95.12%. 但当前对漆酶结合生物质类材料对不同类型有机物、重金属去除的研究很少见到报道. 将漆酶与黄麻结合,把黄麻的吸附性能、漆酶对重金属的捕获性能/对有机物的酶解性能集于一体,来提高黄麻在重金属、染料废水中的去除效果,以期实现黄麻的增值性应用.
本文前期研究制备得到系列漆酶-黄麻复合材料(L-SJ),通过批处理法研究了黄麻(SJ)、漆酶-黄麻复合材料(L-SJ)对Cd2+和刚果红(CR)的去除行为,考察了漆酶浓度、温度、pH和离子强度对Cd2+和CR去除的影响,结合材料红外光谱图来探讨其去除机制,同时对比前期材料对MB去除的相关研究,探讨L-SJ在重金属、不同有机染料废水的去除能力,以期为漆酶-黄麻复合材料在重金属和有机染料废水处理中的应用提供理论依据.
黄麻固定化漆酶去除水中Cd2+和刚果红
The removal of Cd2+ and Congo red from water by immobilized laccase on jute
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摘要: 本文通过酶固定化技术合成漆酶-黄麻复合材料(L-SJ),以Cd2+和刚果红(CR)为模型污染物,通过批处理法研究了黄麻和复合材料对Cd2+和CR的等温去除规律,考察了漆酶浓度、温度、pH和离子强度对Cd2+和CR去除的影响,并结合红外光谱图探讨其去除机制. 研究发现,黄麻和复合材料对Cd2+和CR的去除曲线均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,复合材料对Cd2+的去除高于黄麻,增大约1.71—1.96倍,但降低了对CR的去除. 黄麻与复合材料对Cd2+的去除均表现为放热反应;随pH的增大,黄麻对Cd2+的去除先增大后趋于平稳,而复合材料则不断增大;随离子强度的增大,黄麻与复合材料对Cd2+的去除不断下降. 黄麻与复合材料对CR的去除随温度、离子强度的升高而增大,随pH的增大呈现先增加后降低的趋势. 漆酶效能实验发现,NaOH预处理、戊二醛改性和漆酶负载均增大了复合材料对Cd2+的去除,NaOH预处理和漆酶负载也增大了复合材料对CR的去除,但戊二醛交联后黄麻却降低了CR的去除能力,降低量远远高于NaOH改性和漆酶负载增加量. 复合材料对Cd2+的去除机理以静电引力和络合反应为主,漆酶作用为辅,对CR的去除以表面吸附为主,漆酶作用为辅.Abstract: In this paper, the laccase-jute composites (L-SJ) were synthesized by enzyme immobilization technology, Cd2+ and Congo red (CR) were used as model pollutants, the isothermal removal of Cd2+ and CR by jute and L-SJ were studied by batch process. Additionally, the effects of laccase concentration, temperature, pH and ionic strength on the removal of Cd2+ and CR were investigated. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used for exploring the removal mechanism. The results showed that the removal curves of Cd2+ and CR by both jute and L-SJ fitted the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. The removal of Cd2+ by L-SJ was higher than that of jute, increasing by about 1.71—1.96 times, but removal of CR was lower than jute. The removal of Cd2+ by both jute and composites was exothermic reaction.With the increase of pH, the removal of Cd2+ by jute inclined first and then stabilized, while which of L-SJ continued to increase. With the enhancement of ionic strength, the removal of Cd2+ by jute and L-SJ both continuously deceased. The removal of CR by jute and L-SJ increased with the rise of temperature and ionic strength, but increased first and then decreased with further increase in pH. The results of laccase efficiency experiment indicated that NaOH pretreatment, glutaraldehyde modification and laccase loading all enhanced the removal of Cd2+ by L-SJ. NaOH pretreatment and laccase loading also augmented the removal of CR by L-SJ. However, the negative effect of glutaraldehyde crosslinking on the removal of CR was much higher than the positive effect of NaOH modification and laccase loading. The removal of Cd2+ by L-SJ was mainly due to electrostatic attraction and complexation reaction, followed by the chelation of laccase, and the removal of CR was mainly due to surface adsorption, followed by the action of laccase.
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Key words:
- immobilized laccase on jute /
- heavy metal /
- organic dyes /
- adsorption /
- enzymolysis.
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表 1 Cd2+(a)和CR(b)的实验设置
Table 1. Experimental setup of Cd2+ and CR
因素
Factors因素设置
Factors set控制因素
Controlling factors浓度 Cd2+和CR浓度均设为5、10、20、50、100、200、300、
400、500 mg·L−1温度30℃,pH 5,离子强度为0.005 mol·L−1 KCl溶液 温度 Cd2+和CR的温度均设为20、30、40℃ pH 5,离子强度为0.005 mol·L−1 KCl溶液,
浓度均为200 mg·L−1pH Cd2+的pH值为2、3、4、5、6,
CR的pH值为2、3、4、5、6、8、10、12温度为30℃,离子强度为0.005 mol·L−1 KCl溶液,
浓度为200 mg·L−1离子强度 Cd2+和CR的离子强度均设为0.001、0.005、0.01、
0.05、0.1 mol·L−1 KCl温度为30℃,pH值为5,浓度为200 mg·L−1 表 2 Cd2+(a)和CR(b)的Langmuir模型拟合结果1)
Table 2. Model fitting results of SJ and L-SJ for Cd2+ and CR
污染物
Contaminants材料
Materials拟合参数
Fitting parametersqL/(mmol·kg−1) KL/(L·mmol−1) R2 Cd2+ SJ 186.82 3.18 0.9723** 0.1%L-SJ 364.53 7.19 0.9901** 0.5%L-SJ 355.88 2.96 0.9840** 1%L-SJ 357.41 2.00 0.9760** 5%L-SJ 370.01 2.32 0.9854** CR SJ 43.32 6.67 0.9748** 0.1%L-SJ 11.40 31.32 0.9635** 0.5%L-SJ 16.93 10.43 0.9755** 1%L-SJ 15.84 14.62 0.9878** 5%L-SJ 11.94 30.59 0.9803** 1)表中*表示达到显著水平,P<0.05,**表示达到极显著水平,P<0.01. 表 3 Cd2+和CR热力学参数表
Table 3. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of Cd2+ and CR
污染物
Contaminants材料
Materials20 °C 30 °C 40 °C △H/(kJ·mol−1) △S/(J·mol−1·K−1) K △G/(kJ·mol−1) K △G/(kJ·mol−1) K △G/(kJ·mol−1) Cd2+ SJ 228.27 −7.76 220.59 −8.02 197.22 −8.28 −5.69 26.10 0.1%L-SJ 665.80 −1.34 484.35 −1.38 459.52 −1.43 −14.63 4.46 0.5%L-SJ 617.16 −0.32 458.98 −0.33 416.33 −0.34 −15.50 1.01 1%L-SJ 584.31 −0.31 408.37 −0.32 381.82 −0.33 −15.39 0.99 5%L-SJ 609.72 −1.54 452.53 −1.59 425.00 −1.64 −14.23 5.12 CR SJ 132.79 −17.50 141.19 −18.09 152.57 −18.67 5.43 58.90 0.1%L-SJ 34.79 −61.27 35.70 −63.33 136.94 −65.39 53.09 206.36 0.5%L-SJ 30.13 −61.64 49.74 −63.72 118.41 −65.79 53.44 207.62 1%L-SJ 46.45 −43.56 51.03 −45.03 112.68 −46.50 34.40 146.72 5%L-SJ 35.02 −63.37 45.46 −65.50 144.09 −67.64 55.01 213.44 -
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