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抗生素在人类的社会进步与经济发展中发挥了巨大的作用,被广泛的应用于医疗、畜牧、水产养殖和食品加工等行业. 然而,所使用的抗生素不能被机体完全吸收,有大于90%使用的抗生素会通过人类和动物的尿液、粪便及其他代谢途径等排放到环境中,导致抗生素在环境系统内形成持续输入与持久存在的状态,严重威胁着人类的健康和生态环境的稳定[1-4]. 由于抗生素的过量使用以及随意排放,对水环境造成了严重的污染. 因此必须研究开发一种经济有效的处理抗生素废水的方法.
目前抗生素废水的处理方法,主要为物理法、化学法和生物法. 物理法和生物法存在一些设备复杂、技术难、污染大以及费用高等问题. 光催化法是指在光照条件下,光催化剂产生的空穴和自由基与污染物作用从而去除污染物的一种方法[5-6],是目前比较热门的一种高级氧化技术. 这种高级氧化技术具有氧化能力强、反应速率快且无污染、时间少和经济成本低等优势. 该法通过特定的光使催化剂产生活性自由基团等,可氧化分解废水中的抗生素并使其最终转变为CO2和H2O等. 但是光催化材料存在着一些普遍问题,如光生载流子复合率高、量子效率低、太阳光利用率低、带隙能高不易激发以及降解反应后光催化材料不易回收,这严重限制了光催化技术的实际应用. 而无机二维纳米片具有分子或几个原子厚度以及良好的二维平面结构,是最薄的新型纳米功能材料之一[7]. 过渡金属氧化物的二维纳米片结构,一般都具有高的导电率和光响应[8]、超高的活性位点暴露比例(接近100%)[9]、大的比表面积. 其能带结构还可通过改变片层大小、厚度来调节[10]. 这些特征预示着二维纳米片很可能是一类新的、理想的光催化材料[11-12]. 当纳米片厚度小到分子或原子级别时,光生电子和空穴到达固/液或固/气界面所须迁移的距离被最大限度地减少,从而降低了电子-空穴复合的可能性. 因此,设计合成超薄二维纳米结构的光催化材料是解决光催化效率低的一个有效方法.
硫铟锌(ZnIn2S4)作为典型的阳离子合金半导体,具有对应于可见光吸收(带隙约为2.27 eV[13]). 稳定的化学性质,使之成为一种生态友好、可见光驱动的光催化剂. 然而,ZnIn2S4的光催化活性仍然不能满足更广泛应用的要求,限制其进一步适用性的基本问题之一是激发态的光诱导电子-空穴对不稳定使得在其表面处或附近容易重新结合,导致相对低的光催化效率. 因此,有效促进光生电荷载体的分离和转移,延长其寿命,是提高其光催化效率的关键. Lei等[14]首次报道用水热法合成出了在可见光下具有催化活性的ZnIn2S4;但因ZnIn2S4光生电子-空穴不稳定易复合,活性有所限制. 为了提高ZIS的光催化活性,有学者通过催化剂的复合、元素掺杂等改进手段对其进行改性[15-16]. Huang等[17]通过两步水热法合成了MoS2/ZnIn2S4复合材料,材料的比表面积增大,载流子分离效率增加,催化活性位点增多,从而表现出优异的析氢速率. 因此,将氧掺杂改性ZnIn2S4,调控ZnIn2S4表面结构,提高ZnIn2S4光生载流子的分离效率,进而提高其光催化性能. 黑磷(BP)作为一种新型的二维(2D)层状材料,自2014年首次报道场效应晶体管[11]以来,得到越来越多地关注. 由于其独特的层状结构、高电荷迁移率、0.3—2.0 eV的可调层间带隙、在UV-IR有广泛的太阳光吸收以及大比表面积和高暴露表面原子比[18],得到了越来越多的关注. 近年来,BP纳米材料作为助催化剂在光电催化、产氢和能量转换等领域被大量报道[19-20]. 由于ZnIn2S4与BP的能带匹配[21-22],研究层状ZnIn2S4与BP纳米片耦合作为降解抗生素光催化剂具有重要意义. 基于ZnIn2S4和BP的复合光催化剂的制备有望为太阳能的利用和光催化降解抗生素提供新的思路,本文通过两步水热法将氧掺杂的ZnIn2S4与二维超薄BP纳米片复合,以降解四环素为模型反应,探究不同BP复合量对光催化性能的影响,并研究了四环素的降解路径及降解机理.
O-ZnIn2S4/BP光催化剂的制备及降解四环素研究
Preparation of O-ZnIn2S4 /BP photocatalyst and study on its degradation of tetracycline
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摘要: 抗生素的过量使用以及随意排放,对水环境造成了严重的污染. 光催化降解技术是一种经济有效的处理抗生素废水的方法,高效光催化材料的设计合成是该技术实现实际应用的关键. 层状ZnIn2S4(ZIS)作为典型的阳离子合金半导体,不仅具有较窄的带隙,能有效吸收可见光,而且还拥有较高的平带电势和稳定的化学性质,使其成为了一种很具应用前景的可见光催化材料. 然而ZIS材料光生载流子分离效率低还无法实现实际应用. 本文通过温和的两步法将氧掺杂的ZnIn2S4(O-ZIS)和黑磷(BP)纳米片进行复合,提高ZIS的光生载流子分离效率. 结果表明,在可见光照射下,复合催化剂O-ZIS/BP能高效降解四环素(TC),在BP最佳复合量(0.5%)时,光照20 min,TC降解率达到90%,矿化率达到64.5%. BP的复合能显著增强光电流响应、电子迁移速率. ·O2−和·OH自由基在O-ZIS/BP 光催化降解TC反应过程中起到主要作用. 该研究将为开发二维纳米片复合光催化剂及其在环境修复领域的应用提供新的思路.
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关键词:
- 光催化 /
- ZnIn2S4/BP /
- 四环素降解 /
- 纳米片
Abstract: The excessive use and random discharge of antibiotics have caused serious pollution to the water environment. Photocatalytic degradation technology is an economical and effective method to treat antibiotic wastewater. The design and synthesis of highly efficient photocatalytic materials is the key to the practical application of this technology. As a typical cationic alloy semiconductor, layered ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) not only has a narrow band gap and can effectively absorb visible light, but also has a high flat band potential and stable chemical properties, which makes layered ZIS become a visible light catalytic material with great application prospect. However, ZIS material has the disadvantage of low photogenerated carrier separation efficiency, which limits the practical application of ZIS. In this study, oxygen doped ZnIn2S4 (O-ZIS) and black phosphorus (BP) nanosheet were combined by a mild two-step method to prepare a composite photocatalyst (O-ZIS/BP). Under visible light irradiation, the highly efficient degradation of pollutant tetracycline (TC) was achieved. The recombination of BP can significantly enhance the electron migration rate in photocurrent response. When the recombination amount of BP reaches 0.5%, the best activity is achieved with TC degradation rate of 90% and TOC removal of 64.5% under 20 min of light. ·O2− and ·OH radicals play an important role in O-ZIS /BP photocatalytic TC degradation. This study will provide a new idea for the development of two-dimensional nanosheet composite photocatalyst and its application in environmental remediation.-
Key words:
- photocatalysis /
- ZnIn2S4/BP /
- tetracycline degradation /
- nanosheets.
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