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精神活性物质是指对人类中枢神经系统具有强烈兴奋或抑制作用的成瘾性物质,主要包括:阿片类,可卡因、海洛因和美沙酮等;安非他命类,苯丙胺、甲基苯丙胺和摇头丸等;大麻类,大麻酚和四氢大麻酚等[1]。《2021年世界毒品形势报告》显示,全球超过约2.75亿(15—64岁)人口,在过去一年中至少使用过一次精神活性物质,比2010年增加22%,每年约50万人直接死于精神活性物质的滥用[2],精神活性物质的滥用已经成为全球关注的问题。精神活性物质进入人体后,经过肌体的新陈代谢,以药物母体及其代谢产物的形式排出体外,经由下水道进入污水处理系统。Christian[3]在2001年首次提出,通过检测市政污水中目标物质的浓度与人体药物代谢动力学相结合,可以反推评估该地区精神活性物质的滥用情况及流行率。目前对市政污水中低浓度精神活性物质定性定量检测的主流方法为液相色谱质谱联用法[4]及气相色谱质谱联用法[5]。美国[6-7]、意大利[8]、西班牙[9]、澳大利亚[10]等多个国家已经利用Christian提出的方法开展了多种精神活性物质滥用情况的调查研究。
目标覆盖区域的服务人口数是利用精神活性物质滥用情况反推其滥用量及流行率过程中一个非常重要的参数,其数值的合理性和准确程度极大影响着推算结果的准确度。目前,目标覆盖区域服务人口数的推算方法主要有静态法和动态法,静态法有设计容量法和人口普查法等;动态法有水质参数法,常用的水质参数包括氨氮(NH4-N)、化学需氧量(COD)和总氮(TN)等[11],生物标志物法,常用的生物标志物包括可替宁、肌酸酐和咖啡因等[12]。其中设计容量法更偏向污水处理厂初建时设计的服务人口数,水质参数法和人均用水量法受工业污水占比影响较大,生物标志物法会受到年龄和身体状况等参数的影响,造成吸收和代谢的比例不一致。每种推算方法都有自身的特点和局限性,会给调查结果带来不确定性。因此,服务人口数的估算直接影响目标物滥用量和流行率的反演推算结果。
本研究使用层次分析法,综合多种目标覆盖区域服务人口数的估算方法,建立多参数人口模型,以此获得更为准确的服务人口数,并应用于精神活性物质滥用量和流行率的评估。
多参数人口模型的建立及其在精神活性物质评估中的应用
Establishment of multi-parameter population model and its application in assessment of psychoactive substances
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摘要: 精神活性物质对人类中枢神经系统具有强烈兴奋或抑制作用,其滥用已经成为全球广泛关注的社会问题。我国传统精神活性物质以甲基苯丙胺和海洛因为主,两者滥用量及流行率的准确评估对控制和监管滥用情况具有重大意义。本文对2019年和2020年我国西北部某城市主城区及县(市、区)的8个污水处理厂样品进行检测,使用层次分析法对设计容量法、水质参数法、生物标志物法以及人均用水量法的权重系数进行赋值,建立了多参数人口模型,并用于该市甲基苯丙胺及海洛因人均滥用量和流行率的评估。结果显示,所有样品均检出甲基苯丙胺和吗啡,其中2019年甲基苯丙胺和海洛因人均滥用量分别为(112.60±25.20)μg·d−1和(31.70±10.93)μg·d−1,流行率分别为(0.49±0.17)%和(0.43±0.10)‰;2020年甲基苯丙胺和海洛因的人均滥用量分别为(92.81±28.41)μg·d−1和(25.65±11.42)μg·d−1,流行率分别为(0.34±0.11)%和(0.41±0.18)‰。两种精神活性物质的人均滥用量及流行率整体都有所减小,疫情防控措施对精神活性物质的滥用产生了遏制作用,同时不同地区精神活性物质滥用量与经济发展程度有关。Abstract: Psychoactive substances have strong excitement or inhibition on human central nervous system. Their abuse has become a social problem of global concern. Methamphetamine and heroin are the main traditional psychoactive substances in China. Accurate assessment of their abuse and prevalence rate is of great significance to control and regulate abuse. In this paper, the samples of eight sewage treatment plants in the main urban areas and counties (cities and districts) of a city in northwest China in 2019 and 2020 were tested. The weight coefficients of design capacity method, water quality parameter method, biomarker method and per capita water consumption method were assigned by analytic hierarchy process. Then a multi-parameter population model was established to evaluate the per capita abuse and prevalence of methamphetamine and heroin in the city. The results showed that methamphetamine and morphine were detected in all samples. In 2019, the per capita abuse of methamphetamine and heroin was (112.60±25.20)μg·d−1 and (31.70±10.93)μg·d−1, respectively, and the prevalence rates were (0.49±0.17)% and (0.43±0.10)‰, respectively. The per capita abuse of methamphetamine and heroin in 2020 was (92.81±28.41)μg·d−1 and (25.65±11.42)μg·d−1, respectively, and the prevalence rates were (0.34±0.11)% and (0.41±0.18)‰ respectively. The per capita abuse and prevalence of the two psychoactive substances decreased, and the epidemic prevention and control measures had a restraining effect on the abuse of psychoactive substances. At the same time, the abuse of psychoactive substances in different regions was related to the degree of economic development.
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Key words:
- multi-parameter population model /
- psychoactive substances /
- consumption /
- prevalence.
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表 1 目标物特征选择离子、质谱条件及回收率
Table 1. Target feature selection ions, mass spectrometry conditions and recovery rate
物质
Compound母离子
Parent ion
m/z定量离子
Quantitative ion定性离子
Qualitative ion保留时间/min
Retention time回收率/%
Recovery ratem/z DP/V CE/V m/z DP/V CE/V MOR 286.0 152.1 82.0 55.0 165.0 82.0 32.0 2.73 88.45±5.22 MOR-d3 289.2 152.1 80.0 55.0 165.0 80.0 41.0 2.72 — 6MAM 328.1 165.3 90.0 36.0 211.3 90.0 36.0 4.35 84.61±3.40 6MAM-d3 331.1 165.1 90.0 38.3 211.2 90.0 25.0 4.36 — METH 150.1 91.1 30.0 16.0 119.1 30.0 16.0 4.62 101.65±4.95 METH-d8 158.2 93.2 40.0 19.0 124.2 40.0 10.3 4.59 — AMP 136.1 91.1 40.0 21.0 119.1 40.0 21.0 4.51 99.00±4.90 AMP-d8 144.2 127.2 40.0 10.3 97.2 40.0 16.0 4.44 — CTN 177.2 80.2 30.0 24.0 101.2 30.0 11.0 3.09 98.31±4.78 CTN-d3 180.1 80.2 30.0 25.0 101.2 30.0 22.4 3.08 — 表 2 各方法相关参数
Table 2. Correlation parameters of each method
污水处理厂
Sewage treatment plant日处理污水量/万t
Daily amount of sewage treatedNH4-N/(mg·L−1) 可替宁/(μg·L−1)
Cotinine concentrationS1 7.50 67.50 5.88 S2 15.00 60.72 5.29 S3 7.50 49.98 6.21 S4 5.50 49.57 6.07 X1 1.00 107.93 8.05 X2 0.50 30.97 4.46 X3 0.30 50.45 6.34 X4 2.00 28.39 4.14 表 3 污水处理厂服务人口数(万人)
Table 3. Population served by sewage treatment plant (ten thousand people)
污水处理厂
Sewage
treatment plant专家估算人口
Expert estimates
of population设计容量法
Design capacity
method水质参数法
Water quality
parameter method生物标志物法
Biomarker
method人均用水量法
Per capita
water consumption多参数模型法
Multi-parameter
model methodS1 41.1 30.0 50.6 30 48.8 37.2 S2 52.1 70.0 91.1 54 85.4 68.1 S3 40.7 50.0 37.5 32 42.7 36.3 S4 22.0 27.0 27.3 23 44.7 27.2 X1 4.70 6.00 11.0 5.5 15.3 8.08 X2 2.00 2.30 1.50 1.5 4.80 2.00 X3 1.54 3.00 1.50 1.3 4.00 1.85 X4 5.72 8.00 5.70 5.6 30.7 9.10 表 4 服务人口数相关系数矩阵
Table 4. Correlation coefficient matrix of service population
设计容量人口
Design capacity population水质参数法
Water quality parameter method生物标志物法
Biomarker method人均用水量法
Per capita water consumption设计容量人口 1 0.55 0.43 0.83 水质参数法 1 0.53 0.77 生物标志物法 1 0.57 人均用水量法 1 表 5 服务人口数判断矩阵
Table 5. Judgment matrix of service population
设计容量人口
Design capacity population水质参数法
Water quality parameter method生物标志物法
Biomarker method人均用水量法
Per capita water consumption设计容量人口 1 1/4 1/5 1 水质参数法 4 1 1/4 2 生物标志物法 5 4 1 3 人均用水量法 1 1/2 1/3 1 表 6 精神活性物质流行率
Table 6. Epidemic rate of psychoactive substances
污水处理厂
Sewage treatment plant2019年 2020年 METH流行率/%
Prevalence rateMOR流行率/‰
Prevalence rateMETH流行率/%
Prevalence rateMOR流行率/‰
Prevalence rateS1 0.46 0.48 0.57 0.56 S2 0.60 0.48 0.41 0.55 S3 0.49 0.39 0.37 0.23 S4 0.45 0.43 0.28 0.35 X1 0.30 0.54 0.24 0.44 X2 0.26 0.19 0.19 0.05 X3 0.50 0.52 0.32 0.60 X4 0.83 0.83 0.35 0.35 -
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