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随着社会经济的高速发展,人类正面临着能源匮乏和水环境污染的双重危机,亟需开发环境友好、可重复再生的清洁能源。相较于化石能源,生物质能源因具有可再生性、原料丰富和环境友好等优点[1],被认为是环境可持续发展框架下新能源的重要发展方向[2]。在众多生物质原料中,微藻具有生长周期短、光合效率高、适应污水生长以及“不与人争粮和不与粮争地”的优势,被认为是一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料[3]。当前,利用微藻制备生物柴油,已成为新型可再生清洁能源开发的研究热点,但高成本问题始终制约着微藻生物柴油的产业化进程[4]。因此,如何提升油脂产率,提高微藻工艺的综合效益已成为促进微藻生物燃料实现低成本、规模化生产的关键。
截止目前,营养盐调控仍是提高微藻产量及油脂含量的可靠方法[5],通常情况下,培养体系中营养成分如碳、氮、硫等的变化会影响微藻生长与内部物质的积累[6]。碳是微藻生长必不可少的营养元素[7],约占藻细胞干质量的50%,是藻细胞的主要组成部分。KHAWAJA等[8]研究表明,不同碳源对促进微藻生长存在较大差异,在异养情况下,小分子碳源更有利于微藻生长。氮是蛋白质合成的重要元素,对促进碳源代谢至关重要。ANAND等[9]研究表明,贫氮条件更利于微藻积累油脂,富氮条件更利于促进微藻生长,存在兼顾微藻生长与油脂积累的氮浓度。碳、氮的耦合作用对微藻生长的促进作用也不容忽视。ZHENG等[10]指出,C/N过低会抑制微藻生长,过高不利于释放微藻生长潜力,存在适宜微藻生长的最适C/N。此外,硫是微藻碳氮代谢的关键偶联元素,调控着微藻生长和细胞代谢过程。LV等[11]研究表明,硫酸盐缺乏会削弱微藻生长与污水净化的能力;王倩雅等[12]也指出,硫限制会导致藻细胞碳氮代谢途径重新调整。当前,针对营养元素影响微藻生长、油脂积累的研究主要集中于单一碳源、单一氮源方面,而对不同C/N条件下硫元素的影响研究较少,而从硫元素出发研究微藻的生长、胞内组分动态变化,对全面了解微藻光合产油机制具有重要意义。
因此,本研究以斜生栅藻为研究对象,探究了微藻生长、碳氮去除、油脂积累与脂肪酸分布对水体C/N变化的响应规律以及硫在其中的调控作用,旨在了解不同C/N条件下硫对微藻光合作用、碳氮利用和油脂积累的影响,以期为探究微藻碳流趋向油脂积累的光合营养机制提供参考。
不同C/N下硫对斜生栅藻生长与油脂积累的调控
Regulation of sulfur on growth and lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus obliquus under different C/N ratio
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摘要: 为探究不同C/N污水下下硫对微藻生长、水体净化与油脂积累的调控作用,以斜生栅藻为研究对象,通过改变
${{\rm{NH}}_4^{+} }$ -N浓度配制了4种不同C/N的实验用水,对比研究了斜生栅藻在无硫和含硫条件下经5 d培养后的生长、碳氮利用与油脂合成情况。结果表明,外源硫添加可有效促进微藻的生长,当C/N为15时,藻细胞密度达到最大,为1.23×107 cells·mL−1,较无硫条件提高了90%;同时,外源硫也有助于提升藻细胞对碳氮的利用效率,微藻对有机物的利用效率随着C/N的降低而升高,并在C/N为7.5时最大,为80.33%,较无硫条件提升了63%;当C/N为7.5时${{\rm{NH}}_4^{+}} $ -N去除率为73.6%,较无硫条件提升了149%,其余实验组别${{\rm{NH}}_4^{+}} $ -N去除率均达100%;此外,在含硫条件下,油脂产率和油脂含量均随着C/N升高而降低,均在C/N为7.5时达到最大,油脂产率为5.04 mg·(L·d)−1,相较于无硫条件提升了50.51%,油脂含量为15.4%,较无硫条件下降了33.3%,表明硫加入可有效提升油脂产率但不利于油脂积累,在低C/N条件下促进作用更强。综合来看,当C/N在7.5—15时,外源硫加入取得的综合效益最佳。通过探究微藻生长、碳氮利用、油脂积累的适宜条件,可为微藻的精细化培养提供参考。Abstract: To explore the regulating effect of sulfur on the growth and lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus obliquus under different C/N ratio conditions, taked Scenedesmus obliquus as the research object, set 4 kinds of experimental water with different C/N ratios by changing the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, and comparatively studied the growth and lipid synthesis of microalgae after 5 days of culture under both sulfur-free and sulfur-containing conditions. The results showed that the addition of exogenous sulfur can effectively promote the growth of microalgae. When C/N ratio was 15, the density of microalgae reached the maximum, which was 1.23×107 cells·mL−1, it was 90% higher than the sulfur-free condition. Additional sulfur also helped to improve the carbon and nitrogen utilization efficiency of microalgae. The utilization efficiency of organic matter by microalgae increased with the decrease of carbon to nitrogen ratio, when C/N was 7.5, it reached 80.33%, which was 63% higher than that of sulfur-free conditions, while the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency was 73.6%, which was 149% higher than the sulfur-free condition, and the removal efficiency of the remaining experimental groups reached 100%. In addition, under the sulfur-containing condition, the lipid yield and lipid content both decreased with the increase of carbon to nitrogen ratio. When C/N ratio was 7.5, the lipid yield was highest, which was 5.04 mg·(L·d)−1, it was 50.51% higher than that of sulfur-free conditions. When the C/N ratio was 7.5, the lipid content was 15.4%, which was 33.3% lower than the sulfur-free condition, indicating that sulfur addition can effectively increase the lipid yield but was not conducive to the accumulation of lipid, and exogenous sulfur had a stronger promoting effect under low carbon to nitrogen ratio conditions. In summary, when the C/N ratio was between 7.5 and 15, the overall benefits were relatively best. By exploring the appropriate conditions for microalgae growth, carbon and nitrogen utilization, and lipid accumulation,This research can provide references for the refined cultivation of microalgae.-
Key words:
- Scenedesmus obliquus /
- ammonia nitrogen /
- sulfur /
- growth and metabolism /
- lipid accumulation
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表 1 不同C/N下无硫、含硫条件对斜生栅藻脂肪酸组成及相对含量的影响(%)
Table 1. Effects of sulfur-free and sulfur-containing conditions on the composition and relative content of fatty acids in Scenedesmus obliquus under different C/N ratio
组别Groups C/N C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 Others 无硫组
Sulfur-free group0 30.40 0.15 5.29 50.82 4.79 3.70 4.85 7.5 32.06 0.34 2.56 41.92 8.44 12.58 2.10 15 38.16 0.22 3.08 39.21 7.18 9.33 2.82 30 29.38 0.20 2.84 45.62 7.93 11.54 2.49 60 29.14 0.18 3.49 47.11 8.24 9.21 2.63 含硫组
Sulfur-containing group0 25.52 0.15 3.99 55.72 5.61 6.02 2.99 7.5 24.70 0.53 0.66 18.48 13.31 39.43 2.89 15 26.78 0.60 3.19 47.14 8.16 11.80 2.33 30 26.15 0.51 2.57 43.06 10.02 15.32 2.37 60 22.86 0.61 0.90 23.90 15.58 33.38 2.77 -
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