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短链氯化石蜡(short chain chlorinated paraffins,简称SCCPs)是一类含碳原子数为10—13的正构烷烃氯化衍生物,其分子式为CxH(2x-y+2)Cly(其中x=10—13,y=1—13),氯化程度范围为16%—78%。由于SCCPs具有挥发性低、阻燃性好、电绝缘性好及价格低廉等性能,常作为金属加工润滑剂、密封剂、阻燃剂、塑料添加剂等广泛应用于电缆电线、塑料、橡胶等生产。据统计,SCCPs在美洲和欧洲的年总产量为7.5—11.3千吨。而我国作为世界上最大的氯化石蜡生产国和出口国, 2009年氯化石蜡的产量已达100万吨,其中就包含大量的SCCP[1]。毒理学研究表明,SCCPs是一类具有持久性、远距离迁移性、生物蓄积性和生物毒性的物质,对生态环境和人类健康安全存在潜在的风险[2]。例如,SCCPs对啮齿动物、水生生物、鸟类等具有一定的毒性,会使其肝肾等器官发生病变,甚至导致某些生物的卵和胚胎发生畸形或死亡。Liu等[3]将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于SCCPs溶液培养一段时间后发现,斑马鱼胚胎出现存活率下降、发育异常、畸形等症状,且C10-SCCPs毒性高于C12-SCCPs。李勋等[4]将SD雄性小鼠暴露于两种SCCPs含量不同的氯化石蜡产品中,经口连续灌胃暴露14 d后,两种氯化石蜡都对大鼠具有一定的毒性,其肝脏、肾脏、肺部均出现明显损伤,且病变程度与暴露剂量有一定的剂量效应关系。目前,SCCPs已被《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》列为持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)中新增的一类化合物,欧盟、美国、加拿大等陆续颁布有关条例,对SCCPs生产和使用进行限制或禁止。
目前,国内外关于SCCPs在日常消费品和人体样品的赋存特征已开展了一定研究,而相关的人体健康风险研究较少。有关研究表明,SCCPs已在儿童玩具、瑜伽垫、塑胶跑道、塑料供水管道甚至人体乳液中被广泛检出[5-8]。SCCPs常作为增塑剂、阻燃剂等功能助剂应用于纺织品生产,导致其在纺织产品中大量残留,进而通过皮肤接触等途径进入人体,并在体内蓄积,长期接触可能会对人体健康造成威胁。例如,儿童背包在生产过程中常加入SCCPs作为表面处理剂,而背包中SCCPs污染特征及其健康暴露风险尚未明晰。因此,了解目前背包中SCCPs的污染特征并研究及其对人体的健康风险有利于了解SCCPs这类新兴污染物在环境中的迁移规律和潜在风险。我国作为制造业大国,如背包类消费品具有巨大的生产量和消费量,研究其中如氯化石蜡类新兴污染物的暴露风险有利于促进制造行业的长期健康发展。 本研究采用气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)测定不同背包样品中SCCPs含量,了解SCCPs污染与产品特性等因素之间的关系,并采用风险评估模型定量分析背包中SCCPs含量分别对成人和儿童的健康风险,研究结果可为我国制定SCCPs的相关标准和健康风险管理提供基础数据。
背包中短链氯化石蜡污染特征分析及其健康风险评价
Pollution characteristic analysis and risk assessment of SCCPs in backpacks
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摘要: 短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)是一类含碳原子数为10—13的正构烷烃氯化衍生物,也是一类具有持久性、长距离迁移性、生物蓄积性和生物毒性的物质,对生态环境和人类健康安全存在潜在的风险。为了解市售背包中SCCPs的污染特征及健康风险,本文采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)测定29种常见品牌背包中SCCPs的含量,并采用健康风险评价模型初步评估背包中SCCPs对儿童和成人的健康风险。经检测,背包样品中SCCPs超标率为44.83%,检出率为86.2%。不同材质背包样本的SCCPs含量差异较大。其中,人造革为面料和聚酯纤维为里料的背包中SCCPs平均含量最低(0.06%),未超出(EU) 2015/2030指令规定的限值。风险结果表明,儿童和成人经皮肤接触吸收SCCPs的每日暴露量分别在0.78×10−3—7.70×10−3 µg·(kg·d)−1和1.70×10−3—1.68×10−2 µg·(kg·d)−1之间。不管是成人还是儿童,所有非致癌风险熵和致癌风险熵值均远远小于1,表明背包样中SCCPs对人体无明显健康风险。Abstract: Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are a large and complex family of chlorinated n-alkanes with carbon chain lengths of 10—13. The environmental persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation and long-range atmospheric transport of SCCPs, resulting in potential risk to the environment and human health. To study the pollution characteristics and health risk of SCCPs in backpacks, concentrations of SCCPs in 29 backpacks were measured by GC-MS in this study and health risk assessment models were used to assess the health risks of SCCPs in backpacks to children and adults. SCCPs were detected at a detection rate of 86.2%, and levels of SCCPs in 44.83% of the tested samples were found above the European Union regulation for SCCPs. The concentrations of SCCPs in backpacks made by different material or texture are quite different. Among them, the average concentration of SCCPs in backpack samples with artificial leather and polyester fiber is the lowest, which is 0.06% and not exceeding the regulation limit. The daily exposure of SCCPs for adults and children are 0.78×10−3—7.70×10−3 μg·(kg·d)−1 and 1.70×10−3—1.68×10−2 μg·(kg·d)−1, respectively. All non-carcinogenic risk entropy and carcinogenic risk entropy are less than 1, suggesting that the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of SCCPs in the backpack samples to the human body is low or negligible.
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Key words:
- backpacks /
- short chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCPs) /
- concentration /
- risk assessment
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表 1 人体健康风险评估参数值
Table 1. Parameters used for human risk assessment modelling
表 2 背包样品中SCCPs含量
Table 2. Concentrations of SCCPs in schoolbag samples
编号
No.浓度/(mg·kg−1)
ConcentrationSCCPs含量/‰
Mass ratio是否超标
Over proof or not1 2165 2.17 是 2 nd — 否 3 3263 3.26 是 4 3779 3.78 是 5 411 0.41 否 6 71 0.07 否 7 nd — 否 8 nd — 否 9 89 0.09 否 10 3017 3.012 是 11 9909 9.91 是 J1 7691 7.69 是 J2 2061 2.06 是 J3 450 0.45 否 J4 287 0.29 否 J5 275 0.28 否 J6 367 0.37 否 J7 1050 1.05 否 J8 834 0.83 否 J9 1648 1.65 是 J10 14,833 14.83 是 J11 9732 9.73 是 J12 1345 1.35 否 J13 1505 1.51 是 J14 980 0.98 否 J15 298 0.30 否 J16 10,768 10.77 是 J17 9,800 9.80 是 J18 nd — 否 1) nd,低于检出限。nd,below limit of detection. 表 3 18个背包样品基本信息
Table 3. Basic information of schoolbag samples
编号
No.材质
MaterialSCCPs含量/‰
Mass ratioJ1 面料:尼龙 里料:聚酯纤维 7.69 J2 面料:聚酯纤维 里料:聚酯纤维 2.06 J3 面料:聚酯纤维+EVA 里料:聚酯纤维 0.45 J4 面料:尼龙 里料:聚酯纤维 0.29 J5 面料:聚酯纤维 里料:聚酯纤维 0.28 J6 面料:PU合成革 里料:聚酯纤维 0.37 J7 面料:聚酯纤维+EVA+PU 里料:聚酯纤维 1.05 J8 面料:人造革 里料:聚酯纤维 0.83 J9 面料:聚酯纤维 里料:聚酯纤维 1.65 J10 面料:聚酯纤维+PU/EVA 里料:聚酯纤维 14.83 J11 面料:聚酯纤维+EVA 里料:聚酯纤维 9.73 J12 面料:聚酯纤维 里料:聚酯纤维 1.35 J13 面料:聚酯纤维 里料:聚酯纤维 1.51 J14 面料:聚酯纤维+PU/EVA 里料:聚酯纤维 0.98 J15 面料:聚酯纤维+PU/EVA 里料:聚酯纤维 0.30 J16 面料:聚酯纤维 里料:聚酯纤维 10.77 J17 面料:聚酯纤维+PU/EVA 里料:聚酯纤维 9.80 J18 面料:尼龙 里料:聚酯纤维 - 表 4 不同材质中SCCPs平均含量
Table 4. The mean concentrations of SCCPs in different materials
材质
Material样本编号
Sample IDSCCPs平均含量/%
Average mass ratio面料:尼龙 里料:聚酯纤维 J1、J4、J18 0.40 面料:聚酯纤维 里料:聚酯纤维 J2 、J5 、J9、 J12 、J13 、J16 0.26 面料:聚酯纤维+EVA/PU 里料:聚酯纤维 J3、 J7 、J10 、J11、J14 、J15 、J17 0.53 面料:人造革 里料:聚酯纤维 J6、J8 0.06 表 5 本研究中背包样品的健康风险评价结果
Table 5. Results of health risk assessment of schoolbag samples used in this study
人群
People数据类型
Data type暴露量/(μg·(kg·d)−1)
Exposure非致癌风险熵
Non-neoplastic HQ致癌风险熵
Neoplastic HQ最大值 7.70×10−3 7.7×10−5 7.0×10−4 儿童 中位数 0.78×10−3 7.8×10−6 7.1×10−5 平均值 1.55×10−3 1.6×10−5 1.4×10−4 最大值 1.68×10−2 1.7×10−4 1.5×10−3 成人 中位数 1.70×10−3 1.7×10−5 1.5×10−4 平均值 3.43×10−3 3.4×10−5 3.1×10−4 -
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