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城市地表灰尘是一种物质组成和来源复杂的环境介质,是城市环境中重金属等污染物质的源汇载体[1-2]。重金属作为一种潜在有毒污染物,具有环境持久性、难以降解性和有毒性等特点[3]。重金属微粒可以跟随地表灰尘在一定的动力条件下通过再悬浮过程进入大气,还可以通过淋洗和径流等作用污染地表水和地下水,通过食物链循环、呼吸吸入、皮肤直接接触、手-口摄入等途径进入人体[4],危害环境系统和人类健康[5-6]。
公园作为现代城市建设中不可或缺的一部分,承载着市民和旅游者休闲、锻炼、社交和传播集体文化的功能,特别是在如今快节奏的城市生活中,扮演着市民放松和缓解压力“避难所”的角色[7]。而对于工业化以来日渐严重的环境污染、城市热岛效应、雾霾天气等城市病,城市公园也起着吸烟滞尘、调节城市小气候、维系城市生态平衡等多种生态功能[8]。对于放松警惕和戒备心来到公园游玩的人们而言,评价城市公园灰尘重金属污染状况就成了评价城市生态环境质量的一个重要方面[9]。近年来国内已经开展了一些关于公园灰尘重金属的研究,研究成果涉及公园灰尘重金属的污染特征[4, 9-11]、形态分布[12]、粒径效应[13]、磁性特征[14]、健康风险评价[15-17]以及生物有效性[17]等方面。研究对象均为单个城市,对城市公园灰尘重金属含量在全国范围内的空间分布特征及富集状况对比,以及社会经济发展状况对公园灰尘重金属的影响,目前还鲜见报道。而对全国公园灰尘重金属的研究,可以从宏观尺度上了解中国城市公园灰尘的重金属空间分布特征,对认识自然和人为的影响作用具有重要意义,为城市居民健康防护和城市环境管理规划提供科学依据。
本研究汇总了从2002年到2018年中国15个城市有关公园灰尘重金属的数据[4, 7, 9-21],对城市公园灰尘重金属含量进行空间分析,利用累积指数分析其富集状况,对社会经济发展指标与公园灰尘重金属含量进行相关性分析,并对其影响因素进行了探讨。
中国城市公园灰尘的重金属空间分布特征及其影响因素
Spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of heavy metals in urban park dust in China
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摘要: 通过收集公开发表的中国城市公园灰尘重金属数据,分析公园灰尘中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pd、Ni和Cd等 6种元素的空间分布特征及富集状况,并对其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd等 4种重金属含量的空间分布具有相似性,东部地区为高值区,东北地区和西北地区为低值区;Pb和Ni具有相似的空间分布特征,东部和中部地区为高值区,西北地区则为低值区。与各省份的土壤背景值对比发现,除Cr在武汉市和开封市、Zn在包头市、Ni在北京市、武汉市和焦作市无富集状况以外,在其他城市公园灰尘中均具有一定的富集水平,且Cu、Pb、Cd 等3种重金属元素在各城市公园灰尘中的累积指数均大于1。社会经济发展指标与公园灰尘重金属的相关性分析表明,Pb与总人口呈显著正相关;Cu、Zn与原煤呈显著正相关;Pb、Ni与民用汽车拥有量呈显著正相关。Cu、Zn元素含量主要受燃煤能源等能源结构的影响,Pb元素含量主要受到人口和交通因素的控制,Ni元素含量主要受交通因素的影响;Cr、Cd来源较为复杂,可能是自然和人为的混合源。Abstract: The data published on heavy metal contents in urban park dust in China were collected to analyse the spatial distribution and enrichment of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ni, and Cd in this dust. In addition, the factors that influence the distribution and enrichment of heavy metals were investigated. The results showed that the spatial distribution of Cr, Cu, Zn, and Cd contents was similar, and the eastern region was the high-value region, whereas the northeast and northwest regions were the low-value regions. The spatial distribution characteristics of Pb and Ni were similar, with high values in the eastern and central regions and low values in the northwest regions. By comparing the soil background values of each province, we found that except for Cr in Wuhan and Kaifeng, Zn in Baotou, and Ni in Beijing, Wuhan, and Jiaozuo, dust of other city parks exhibits a certain concentration level. In all the city parks, the three heavy metal elements, namely Cu, Pb, Cd, exhibited a dust accumulation index of >1. The correlation analysis of social and economic development indicators and heavy metals in park dust showed that Pb was significantly positively correlated with the total population; Cu and Zn were positively correlated with raw coal; and Pb and Ni were significantly positively correlated with the occupancy of civil vehicles. Moreover, Cu and Zn contents were mainly affected by the energy structure such as coal burning energy, the Pb content was chiefly controlled by population and traffic factors, and the Ni content was principally affected by traffic factors. The sources of Cr and Cd may be both natural and artificial and thus are highly complex.
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Key words:
- park dust /
- heavy metal /
- spatial distribution /
- influence factor /
- China
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表 1 公园灰尘样点数据统计
Table 1. Statistics of park dust samples
城市
City采样时间
Sampling time样品量
Sample amout重金属含量/(mg·kg−1)
Heavy metal content数据来源
Data sourcesCr Cu Zn Pb Ni Cd 上海 — 44 162.59 235.89 906.29 416.63 92.19 1.58 [4] 北京 2010年4—7月 50 69.33 72.13 219.2 201.82 25.97 0.64 [7] 包头 2014年5月 26 154.1 26.9 49.7 36.2 25.1 — [9] 天津 2012年11—12月 51 103.18 113.18 — 63.32 40.58 1.14 [10] 福州 2011年6月和11月 11 78.21 111.04 386.62 73.81 — 0.58 [11] 青岛 — 128 — 109.27 326.88 126.02 — 1.79 [12] 长春 2013年6月 28 59.28 37.82 169.26 69.12 23.08 0.33 [13] 武汉 2002年9月 58 64.1 58.4 313.35 85.5 25.8 — [14] 开封 2014年3月 52 53.25 44.29 240.27 144.84 23.15 1.02 [15] 西安 2009年4—5月 20 125.2 91 337.2 147.4 35.8 — [16] 焦作 2016年2月 41 112.07 49.85 374.3 55.26 51.7 1.25 [17] 乌鲁木齐 2017年10—11月 83 51.56 29.66 184.3 36.6 31.59 0.3 [18] 南京 2014年6月 60 133 141 585 119 115 1.92 [19] 东莞 — 31 2874.1 627.4 4733.1 — — — [20] 漳州 2018年11月 83 61.74 77.89 379.95 71.74 25.2 — [21] 表 2 城市公园灰尘重金属浓度累积指数
Table 2. city park dust concentration of heavy metal accumulation index
城市
CityCr Cu Zn Pb Ni Cd 背景值/
(mg·kg−1)
Background value累积指数
Accumulation index背景值/
(mg·kg−1)
Background value累积指数
Accumulation index背景值/
(mg·kg−1)
Background value累积指数
Accumulation index背景值/
(mg·kg−1)
Background value累积指数
Accumulation index背景值/
(mg·kg−1)
Background value累积指数
Accumulation index背景值/
(mg·kg−1)
Background value累积指数
Accumulation index上海 75 2.17 28.59 8.25 86.1 10.53 25.47 16.36 31.9 2.89 0.13 12.15 北京 66.7 1.04 18.7 3.86 57.5 3.81 24.6 8.2 26.8 0.97 0.12 5.33 包头 56.4 2.73 19.2 1.4 55.7 0.89 18.8 1.93 24.5 1.02 0.045 — 天津 84.2 1.23 28.8 3.93 79.3 — 21 3.02 33.3 1.22 0.09 12.67 福州 41.3 1.89 21.6 5.14 82.7 4.67 34.9 2.11 13.5 — 0.054 10.74 青岛 62 — 22.6 4.83 63.3 5.16 23.6 5.34 27.1 — 0.132 13.56 长春 50.17 1.18 17.96 2.11 59.47 2.85 20.4 3.39 23.07 1 0.09 3.61 武汉 90 0.71 32 1.83 79 3.97 25 3.42 40 0.65 0.12 — 开封 65.7 0.81 19.9 2.23 61.9 3.88 25.4 5.70 30 0.77 0.07 14.57 西安 62.5 2 21.4 4.25 69.4 4.86 21.4 6.89 28.8 1.24 0.094 — 焦作 65.7 1.71 19.9 2.51 61.9 6.05 25.4 2.18 30 1.72 0.07 17.86 乌鲁木齐 49.3 1.05 26.7 1.11 68.8 2.68 19.4 1.89 26.6 1.19 0.12 2.5 南京 76 1.75 22.3 6.32 73 8.01 26.8 4.44 32.9 3.5 0.151 12.72 东莞 50.5 56.91 17 36.91 51 92.81 36 — 27.7 — 0.04 — 漳州 41.3 1.49 21.6 3.61 82.7 4.59 34.9 2.06 13.5 1.87 0.054 — 表 3 公园灰尘重金属与经济发展的相关关系
Table 3. Correlation between heavy metal and economic development in different cities
总人口
Total population地区生产总值
Gross domestic product工业总产值
Gross industrial output value原煤
Coal民用汽车拥有量
Possession of civil vehiclesCr −0.077 −0.142 −0.180 0.503 −0.101 Cu 0.153 0.059 −0.003 0.626* 0.082 Zn 0.023 −0.066 −0.121 0.765** −0.137 Pb 0.628* 0.343 0.460 0.304 0.566* Ni 0.178 0.291 0.144 0.409 0.644* Cd 0.189 0.222 0.110 0.380 −0.057 注∶** 在 0.01 级别(双尾),相关性显著,P<0.01。* 在 0.05 级别(双尾),相关性显著,P<0.01。 -
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