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城市化持续快速的推进,导致了不透水面积显著增加,从而引发城市水文的变化,严重的影响了水质和径流状况[1-2]。由于大量的污染物随着雨水径流排放到水体,城市雨水已成为城市河湖水质恶化的主要污染源[3]。水生生态系统中过量的氮输入将导致水体富营养化,最终会改变生态群落结构,降低生境质量,增加“藻华”事件的发生率和持续时间[4-5]。人工湿地(CWs)污水处理技术具有建造成本投入低、设施后期维护便捷、景观效果明显等优点,被广泛用于各类型污水的小型化和分散化处理。
国内外对CWs的研究已经很多,对CWs的除氮技术也在逐渐优化,单纯的处理工艺往往导致人工湿地的除氮效果不好,潮汐流(TF)和潜流(SF)CWs组合形成的好氧和厌氧环境[6-7],有利于氮进行硝化和反硝化反应,从而达到对氮的去除,可防止处理后的污水排入环境导致水体“富营养化”。CWs中的氮通过植物的吸收作用、基质的过滤和吸附、氨挥发、微生物的氨化、硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化等方式被去除[8]。研究表明,填料基质和植物作用所做的贡献仅占CWs脱N量的20%—30%[9]。ZHANG等[10]研究发现,微生物参与的硝化反硝化作用是CWs去除废水中TN的主要途径,可占66.9%—80.5%。DU等[11]研究发现,植物种植增加了微生物的丰富度和生物多样性;同时,相关的反硝化属假单胞菌、不动杆菌、根瘤菌、芽孢杆菌和红假单胞菌丰度的增加,增强了微生物对氮的去除作用。HE等[12]研究发现,γ–变形菌、α–变形菌和β–变形菌是人工湿地基质中的主要细菌,并在减少硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的功能上发挥了重要作用。但是,现有的研究缺少潮汐流人工湿地污染物的去除途径和微生物群落相结合的分析,以及植物的种植对微生物群落以及微生物氮净化作用的影响分析。
本研究构建潮汐流和潜流人工湿地组合,采用工业废弃物—赤泥制成的颗粒作为基质,种植黄菖蒲作为净水植物,分析该潮汐流-潜流人工湿地组合对氮的去除效果以及微生物群落的变化,探讨水生植物和微生物群落对氮去除效果的影响,以期为人工湿地强化脱氮提供科学依据。
潮汐流-潜流人工湿地对城市污染水体中氮的去除
Research on the removal effect of tidal flow–subsurface flow constructed wetland on nitrogen in urban polluted water
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摘要: 为了探索人工湿地对城市污染水体的除氮效果,构建潮汐流(TF)与潜流(SF)人工湿地模拟组合(TF–SF),探讨水生植物和微生物群落对氮的去除效果的影响。结果表明,TF–SF对氨氮和总氮都有较好的处理效果,去除率分别为55.59%—78.59%和57.52%—81.29%。黄菖蒲地上部分氮积累量分别为195.05、111.18 mg·株−1,地下部分氮积累量分别为36.44、32.01 mg·株−1,黄菖蒲对污染水体中的氮去除发挥着重要作用。高通量测序分析表明,TF中黄菖蒲根部表现出较高的微生物丰富度、多样性,不动杆菌属、硝化螺菌属和亚硝化单胞菌属是人工湿地中主要的脱氮菌属,是氮去除的主要驱动者。
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关键词:
- 潮汐流-潜流人工湿地 /
- 脱氮 /
- 黄菖蒲 /
- 微生物群落
Abstract: In order to explore the nitrogen removal effect of tidal flow-subsurface flow constructed wetlands on urban polluted water bodies, a simulation combination of tidal flow (TF) and subsurface flow (SF) constructed wetlands (TF–SF) was constructed and to explore the influence of aquatic plants and microbial communities on the removal of nitrogen. The results show that TF–SF has a good treatment effect on ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen, and the removal rates are 55.59%—78.59% and 57.52%—81.29%, respectively. The nitrogen accumulation in the ground part of the acorus calamus was 195.05 mg·plant−1 and 111.18 mg·plant−1, respectively, and the nitrogen accumulation in the underground part was 36.44 mg·plant−1 and 32.01 mg·plant−1, respectively. The acorus calamus played an important role in the removal of nitrogen in polluted waters. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that the roots of acorus calamus showed high microbial richness and diversity in TF. Acinetobacter, Nitrospirillum, and Nitrosomonas are the main denitrifying bacteria in constructed wetlands, and they are also the main driver of nitrogen removal. -
表 1 实验水质
Table 1. Experimental water quality
项目水质参数
Project water quality parameters初始浓度范围/(mg · L−1)
Initial concentration rangeCODcr 304.72—902.62 -N${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 13.51—27.09 TN 15.12—26.54 -N${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 0.00—1.04 表 2 潮汐流-潜流人工湿地的进出水参数
Table 2. Water inlet and outlet parameters of TF–SF
组别Group pH DO / (mg·L−1) 进水 Inflow 5.74 8.62 TF出水 TF effluent 5.61 1.88 TF–SF出水 TF–SF effluent 5.82 1.14 表 3 潮汐流-潜流人工湿地微生物多样性和丰富度
Table 3. Microbial diversity and richness in samples of TF–SF
组别Group 测序数量 Sequence number 丰富度指数 Richness index 多样性指数Diversity index 覆盖率Fraction of Coverage Sequences Sobs Ace Chao Shannon Simpson Coverage TFCW-10 45744 1381 1587.47 1556.43 5.54 0.0110 0.994 TFCW-30 41302 1279 1514.32 1499.46 5.23 0.0189 0.993 SFCW-60 49453 1428 1550.49 1526.75 5.59 0.0109 0.996 表 4 潮汐-潜流人工湿地黄菖蒲植物生长状况
Table 4. The growth status of yellow calamus in TF–SF
人工湿地
Constructed wetland地上部分Aboveground 地下部分Underground 株高/cm
Plant height鲜重/g
Fresh weight干重/g
Dry weight根长/cm
Root length鲜重/g
Fresh weight干重/g
Dry weight种植前 36.3 8.53 0.92 14.5 5.22 2.15 潮汐流 128.2 56.48 8.08 23.8 19.40 3.00 潜流 74.2 32.03 5.11 20.1 16.06 2.51 表 5 潮汐流-潜流人工湿地黄菖蒲植物氮积累量
Table 5. Nitrogen accumulation of acorus calamus in TF–SF
人工湿地
Constructed wetland植物生物量/g Plant biomass 植物氮积累量/(mg·株−1)Plant nitrogen accumulation 地上部分
Aboveground地下部分
Underground总净重
Total net weight地上部分
Aboveground地下部分
Underground总净重
Total net weight种植前 0.92 2.15 3.07 18.17 24.34 42.51 潮汐流 8.08 3.00 11.08 195.05 36.44 231.49 潜流 5.11 2.51 7.62 111.18 32.01 143.20 -
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