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重金属污染已成为全球性的环境问题[1],重金属能通过到空气、水和土壤危害人体健康。据报道,长期接触镉(Cd)会引起肺腺癌、肺癌、肾功能损伤和骨折[2];长期高剂量暴露在锌(Zn)会影响胆固醇的平衡和生育能力[3];铅(Pb)中毒可能导致各种类型的疾病,包括神经系统疾病,阿尔茨海默氏病[4];慢性砷(As)可能导致角化过度,皮肤病变以及肺癌,膀胱癌和肾病[5];长期接触汞(Hg),会积聚在脂肪组织中,并损害人体中枢神经系统[6];铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)和镍(Ni)也会对人体健康产生不利影响[7]。基于重金属对生物体的高致癌、高毒害作用,2011年3月,《重金属污染综合防治“十二五”规划》获得国务院正式批复,成为我国第一个“十二五”国家级别的专项规划。由此可以看出,重金属污染防治是当前和今后一个时期环境保护工作的重中之重。
固化/稳定化是治理重金属污染的有效方法之一[8],波特兰水泥(OPC)是重金属废物固化/稳定化的常用基质,但研究表明,重金属的存在对OPC的抗压强度(降低30.4%)不利[9],但对磷酸镁水泥(MPC)的影响相对要小得多。固化重金属或重金属污染土后的磷酸镁水泥进行二次使用或者掩埋,都需要高的抗压强度和低的渗透率[10],结合磷酸镁水泥早期强度高、稳定性好和孔隙率低的特点,并且毒性特征浸出程序(TCLP)结果表明,浸出毒性浸出浓度远低于国家标准(GB5085.3-2007) [9],因此磷酸镁水泥在固化/稳定化重金属方面有着良好的前景。
基于此,本文综述MPC固化/稳定化重金属和重金属污染土的研究现状,讨论重金属种类和掺量等常见因素对MPC力学性能、凝结时间、酸碱度、水化热及水化机理等方面的影响。MPC常处理重金属主要包括Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、Mn、Hg等物质,而其固化/稳定化重金属效果受重金属含量、重金属种类、氧化镁和磷酸盐质量比(M/P)和固化时间等众多因素影响;固化作用机理主要包括3个方面:(1)重金属离子与磷酸根离子结合形成低溶度积的化合物,如Pb5(PO4)3OH、Cd3(PO4)2等;(2)MPC水化产物对重金属离子产生较强的吸附作用;(3)MPC具有较强的物理力学性能和致密的结构,对重金属离子具有物理包裹作用。通过化学键合、吸附、物理包裹三重作用,从而实现重金属离子的高效率和大容量固化。本文以期为后续MPC固化/稳定化废弃物中重金属和重金属污染土研究提供前期的基础数据及理论依据。
磷酸镁水泥固化/稳定化重金属性能及作用机理研究进展
Research progress on solidification/stabilization mechanism and properties of heavy metals using magnesium phosphate cement
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摘要: 磷酸镁水泥(MPC)作为一种新型无机胶凝材料,是由过烧氧化镁和磷酸盐通过酸碱中和反应制备得来,具有早期强度高、结构紧密和体积形变小等优点,在固化/稳定化重金属方面受到广泛关注,但存在放热量大、凝结速度快等缺点。本文归纳了国内外学者对磷酸镁水泥固化/稳定化重金属和重金属污染土的研究,重点讨论重金属离子对磷酸镁水泥抗压强度、凝结时间、酸碱度和水化热的影响,环境对重金属MPC体系稳定性的影响,以及其固化/稳定化重金属离子的作用机理,得出主要固化机理为化学键合、吸附作用和物理包裹,最后指出磷酸镁水泥固化重金属研究的不足和对未来研究的展望,为磷酸镁水泥固化/稳定化重金属的研究提出了新思路。Abstract: Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) is a new type of inorganic cementing material, which is prepared by over-burned magnesium oxide and phosphate through acid-base neutralization reaction. It has the advantages of high early strength, compact structure and small volume deformation. It has received extensive attention in terms of solidification/stabilization of heavy metals, but it has the disadvantages of large heat release and fast condensation speed. This article summarizes the research of domestic and foreign research scholars on the solidification/stabilization of heavy metal and heavy metal contaminated soil by magnesium phosphate cement, focusing on the impact of heavy metal ions on the compressive strength, setting time, pH and hydration heat of magnesium phosphate cement, and the environment on heavy metal MPC The influence of system stability and the mechanism of its solidification/stabilization of heavy metal ions. The main curing mechanisms are chemical bonding, adsorption and physical encapsulation. Finally, the lack of research on magnesium phosphate cement curing heavy metals and the prospects for future research are pointed out. A new idea is proposed for the research of magnesium phosphate cement solidification/stabilization heavy metals.
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表 1 MPC固化重金属效果及影响因素
Table 1. MPC solidification effect of heavy metals and influencing factors
重金属种类
Types of heavy metals重金属含量
Heavy metal content镁/磷
M/P固化时间/d
solidification time抗压强度/MPa
Compressive strength凝结时间/min
Setting time浸出浓度/(mg·L-1)
Leaching concentration参考文献
ReferencesPb2+ 5000 mg·kg-1 1:1 7 d 0.36 1.75 [11] Pb2+, Cd2+ 0—5% 4:1 28 d 0.15,0.37 [12] Pb2+, Cd2+ 1.2%、 0.3% 3:1 90 d 44、47 0.92,0.43 [13] Pb2+, Zn2+ 0.5%—5% 4:1 28 d 34—40、30—40 0.05—0.2, 0.2—3.4 [14] Pb2+ 1% 3:1 28 d 55 16 0.05 [9] Cu2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 2:1 28 d 40、50、55、56 11.8、12、
17.5、23.11.1 [15] Cu2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 3:1 28 d 55、54、53、48 12.3、12.7、
17.3、23.61.32 [15] Cu2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 4:1 28 d 45、43、36、25 12.8、13.3、
17.2、251.7 [15] Cd2+ 1%,2%,3%,4% 2:1 7 d 37、38、44、45 12.8、13.3、
13.8、14.60.37 [16] Cd2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 3:1 7 d 48、45、42、43 12.5、13.3、
13.9、14.40.42 [16] Cd2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 4:1 7 d 49、48、47、35 12.1、12.3、
12.8、13.90.46 [16] Zn2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 2;1 28 d 42、41、40、39 13.5、17、
22、30.70.0155 [17] Zn2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 3:1 28 d 46、45、38、37 13.5、15、
17.5、250.016 [17] Zn2+ 1%、2%、3%、4%% 4:1 28 d 43、39、36、24 10、12.5、
18.5、27.50.02 [17] Ni2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 2:1 28 d 52、55、57、62 12.3、12.6、
13.2、15.32.75 [18] Ni2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 3:1 28 d 65、63、61、58 11.8、12.2、
13.3、16.32.55 [18] Ni2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 4:1 28 d 49、48、40、35 11.3、11.5、
13.8、18.23.45 [18] Ni2+ 1%、2%、3%、4% 5:1 28 d 37、32、27、25 10.7、11、
15.2、203.68 [18] Cr2+ 25 g·dm-3 1:1 21 d 20 [19] Hg2+ 380 mg·kg-1 1:1 28 d 10—36 2.48 [20] Hg2+ 0.25% 3.5:1 21 d 9.5—12.5 0.697 [21] Sr2+、 Cs+ 50% 1:1 28 d 4.2、13.2 10-7,
10-4 (g·m-2·d-1)[22] -
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