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重金属作为环境重点监控污染物,其来源广、难去除、易富集,对动物和人体具有一定毒性。它广泛存在于各种环境介质中,具有持久性、致癌性、生物富集和生物放大等特点,极易对生态环境和人体健康造成不可逆损害[1-3]。水体和土壤重金属污染已引起广泛关注。进入水体的重金属大部分被悬浮物吸附[4],当悬浮物负荷量超过其搬用能力时,将沉降、蓄积于沉积物中[5]。在土壤中,重金属不断积累,当超过土壤自净能力时,将会导致土壤微生物活性、组成、结构和功能等发生改变[6]。因此,研究水体沉积物和土壤重金属含量、分布特征,进而准确评估其生态风险并探明其污染源,对污染控制与防治具有重要的理论和现实意义。
剑湖流域包含了云南省剑川县主要饮用水水源地满贤林水库、玉华水库及格美江源头。流域内设有省级湿地自然保护区,是越冬候鸟的主要栖息地,是滇西北高原最具代表性的湿地类型之一[7]。近年来,剑川县大力发展种植业,剑湖流域内分布大量农田,同时,各种工业活动(如木雕)日益频繁,导致流域污染加剧。流域内重金属通过地表河流、地下径流、壤中流等形式汇入湖泊;剑湖是流域内重金属重要的汇,但其自身环境容量小、敏感性强、稳定性差、抵抗外界干扰能力差,生态环境极其脆弱,在人为活动的强烈干扰下,湖泊功能衰减,生态环境已逐渐恶化[8],已严重影响剑川县的经济和社会发展。Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb是土壤重金属污染的主要元素[9],Cu、V、Zn、V等是人体健康必需的微量元素,其在人体中含量过多或缺乏时,会对人体健康产生威胁[10-11]。此外,剑湖周边居民生活以煤炭为主要燃料,V是煤炭燃烧产生的主要重金属污染物[12]。
本研究选取剑湖流域为研究区,通过测定流域土壤及河流与湖泊沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb和V 等6种重金属含量,分析其空间分布特征,进行潜在生态风险评价,并探明其污染来源,为剑湖流域重金属污染防治提供基础数据和科学依据。
剑湖流域土壤/沉积物重金属分布特征、来源解析及生态风险
Distribution, ecological risks and sources of heavy metals in soil/sediment of Jianhu basin
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摘要: 以剑湖流域为研究对象,通过系统采集流域内陆地土壤、河流和湖泊沉积物样品,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定72个采样点镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、钒(V)和锌(Zn)等6种重金属含量,分析流域重金属分布特征,利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法评估其污染程度,利用潜在生态风险评价法评估其生态风险,结合富集因子法、主成分分析和相关性分析探讨其重金属来源.结果表明,剑湖流域各重金属含量与云南省土壤重金属背景值顺序一致,除Pb外其余5种重金属平均含量均高于土壤背景值,且水平空间分布各异;单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数表明,剑湖流域Cd、Cr、V、Cu和Zn具有不同程度污染,Pb污染水平达到警戒线;6种重金属地积累指数均值均<0,表现为无污染;流域单项潜在生态风险指数
$E_r^i $ 为Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>V>Zn,重金属综合潜在生态风险指数RI为7.26–144,其中,Cd、Cu生态风险指数$E_r^i $ 之和占综合指数RI的平均百分比为80.4%,表明Cd、Cu潜在生态风险极高;富集因子表明,6种重金属均以人为富集为主;主成分分析结果表明流域污染主要来自化石能源(V、Cd、Cu)、农业污染源(Cd、Cr)、居民生活污染源(Zn)和自然源(Pb).Abstract: The inland soil, river and lake sediment samples were systematically collected at 72 points in Jianhu basin, Yunnan. The concentration and distribution of six heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP-OES). The pollution level was evaluated by single factor pollution index, nemerow comprehensive pollution index, and geoaccumulation index methods. The ecological risk was evaluated by potential ecological risk assessment method. The heavy metals pollution sources were analyzed via enrichment factor and principal component and correlation analysis. The results show that the average total concentration of heavy metals in Jianhu basin was in consistent with the order of the background values in Yunnan soils. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, V, and Zn were higher than Yunnan soil background values and the spatial distribution was varied. The results of single factor pollution index and nemerow comprehensive pollution index show that the pollution levels of Cd, Cr, V, Cu and Zn were varied in Jianhu Basin, and Pb pollution is on the warning line. The average accumulation indexes of six heavy metals were all below 0, showing there is no potential pollution. The single potential ecological risk index$E_r^i $ was in order of Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>V>Zn, and the comprehensive potential ecological risk index RI was 7.26–144, among which the sum of ecological risk index$E_r^i $ of Cd and Cu accounts for 80.4% of the RI, indicating Cd and Cu have high potential ecological risks. The enrichment factors indicate that six heavy metals were mainly artificial enrichments. The principal component analysis suggests that the heavy metals pollution sources include fossil energy (V, Cd, Cu), agriculture (Cd, Cr), domestic waste (Zn) and nature (Pb).-
Key words:
- heavy metals /
- spatial distribution /
- ecological risk /
- source analysis /
- Jianhu
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表 1 采样点来源
Table 1. Source of sampling points
采样点来源
Sources of sampling points样点号
Sampling point number河流(湖泊及水库) 47、1、5、14、16、20、23、22、25、27、28、31、32、35、42、41、44、
53、50、51、49、52、56、57、58、59、63、64、65、68、72工业用地及养殖场 11、21、30、9、15、18、19、26、33、38、48、62、66 居民地 8、13、36、40、55、61 农地 2、6、7、12、17、24、29、37、39、43、45、54、60、67、69、71 森林 3、4、10、34、46、70 表 2 Pi的分级标准
Table 2. Grading standards of Pi
污染水平
Pollution level清洁
Clean轻污染
Light pollution中污染
Medium pollution重污染
Heavy pollutionPi Pi <1 1≤Pi <2 2≤Pi <3 Pi≥3 表 3 内梅罗污染指数(P)及风险分级
Table 3. Nemerow Pollution Index (P) and the associated risk classification
内梅罗污染指数(P)
Nemerow Pollution Index等级标准
Risk levelsP ≤ 0.7 安全 0.7 < P ≤ 1.0 警戒 1.0 < P ≤ 2.0 轻度污染 2.0 < P ≤ 3.0 中度污染 P > 3.0 重度污染 表 4 地累积指数与污染程度分级
Table 4. Index of geoaccumulation and classification of pollution degrees
Igeo 级数
Pollution degree污染程度
Contamination level<0 0 无污染 0—1 1 轻度 1—2 2 偏中度 2—3 3 中度 3—4 4 偏重度 4—5 5 重度 5—6 6 严重 表 5 重金属毒性系数及参比值
Table 5. Heavy metals toxicity coefficients and reference values
Cd Cr V Cu Pb Zn 毒性系数 30 2 2 5 5 1 参比值/(mg·kg-1) 0.218 65.2 155 46.3 40.6 89.7 表 6 潜在生态风险评价分级标准
Table 6. Grading standards of potential ecological risk evaluation
风险程度
Risk level轻微
Slight中等
Medium强
High很强
Extremely high$E_r^i $ <30 30—60 60—120 >120 RI <50 50—100 100—200 >200 表 7 重金属含量、变异系数及云南省土壤背景值
Table 7. Descriptive statistical analysis results of heavy metals
元素
Element最大值/
(mg·kg−1)
Maximum最小值/
(mg·kg−1)
Minimum平均值/
(mg·kg−1)
Average标准差/
(mg·kg−1)
Standard deviation变异系数
Variable
coefficient云南省土壤背景值/(mg·kg−1)
Background values in
Yunnan soilsCd 0.58 0.04 0.22 0.12 52% 0.22 Cr 221 5.0 81.5 45.4 56% 65.2 V 742 9.41 163 105 64% 155 Cu 161 4.7 47.1 22.6 48% 46.3 Pb 45.9 3.5 21.9 8.9 41% 40.6 Zn 2152 17.4 125 255 203% 89.7 注:云南省土壤背景值使用云南省A层土壤元素算术平均值含量[16],mg·kg−1。 表 8 剑湖流域重金属单因子和综合污染指数
Table 8. Single factor and comprehensive pollution index of heavy metals in Jianhu basin
Cd Cr V Cu Pb Zn 单因子污染指数Pi 最大值 2.68 3.39 4.80 3.48 1.14 24.0 最小值 0.19 0.07 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.19 平均值 1.02 1.25 1.05 1.02 0.54 1.40 综合污染指数P 2.03 2.55 3.47 2.56 0.89 17.0 表 9 剑湖流域重金属地积累指数及污染等级
Table 9. Accumulation index and pollution grade of heavy metals in Jianhu basin
Cd Cr V Cu Pb Zn Igeo值 级数 Igeo值 级数 Igeo值 级数 Igeo值 级数 Igeo值 级数 Igeo值 级数 最大值 0.84 1 1.18 2 1.68 2 1.21 2 −0.41 0 4.00 4 最小值 −2.94 0 −4.29 0 −4.63 0 −3.88 0 −4.12 0 −2.95 0 均值 −0.77 0 −0.54 0 −0.77 0 −0.72 0 −1.62 0 −0.84 0 表 10 剑湖流域重金属潜在生态风险评价结果
Table 10. Potential ecological risk assessment results of heavy metals in Jianhu Basin
重金属潜在生态风险指数( )$E_r^i $
Potential ecological risk index of heavy metals综合指数(RI)
Composite indexCd Cu Cr Pb V Zn 最大值 80.3 17.4 6.78 5.66 9.58 24.0 144 最小值 5.86 0.51 0.15 0.43 0.12 0.19 7.26 平均值 30.6 5.09 2.50 2.69 2.10 1.40 44.4 贡献率a 69% 11.5% 5.6% 6.1% 4.7% 3.2% 100% 注:a单元素潜在生态风险指数值占综合生态风险指数值的百分比. 表 11 剑湖流域富集因子系数
Table 11. Enrichment factor coefficient in Jianhu basin
富集因子 Enrichment factor Cd Cr V Cu Pb Zn 最大值 30.8 9.80 8.05 24.9 12.8 74.2 最小值 0.44 1.06 0.92 1.60 0.18 0.64 平均值 4.03 3.85 3.12 3.45 2.36 4.84 表 12 剑湖流域重金属相关性分析
Table 12. Correlation analysis of heavy metals in Jianhu basin
Cd Cr Cu Pb Zn V Cd 1 Cr 0.615** 1 Cu 0.427** 0.548** 1 Pb 0.614** 0.242* 0.096 1 Zn 0.223 0.180 0.077 0.330** 1 V 0.472** 0.769** 0.668** 0.122 0.308** 1 注:*P<0.05,相关性显著;**P<0.01,相关性显著。 表 13 剑湖流域重金属主成分分析
Table 13. Principal component analysis of heavy metals in Jianhu basin
因子载荷 Factor loading PC1 PC2 Cd 0.808 0.262 Cr 0.870 −0.303 Cu 0.822 −0.301 Pb 0.458 0.780 Zn 0.394 0.535 V 0.832 −0.322 特征值 3.14 1.25 累计贡献率 52.4% 73.2% -
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