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多氯代二苯并二恶英(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, PCDDs)和多氯代二苯并呋喃(polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDFs)是一类具有高辛醇水分配系数,在环境中难降解,可在生物脂肪中蓄积并通过食物链进入人体的污染物[1]。根据氯原子在芳环上取代数目和位置的不同,PCDD/Fs有210种异构体,其中17种2,3,7,8位氯取代的二恶英/呋喃被认为可对人类健康产生较大危害[2]。因为这些PCDD/Fs单体可与芳烃受体结合,诱导基因表达,破坏正常的激素信号传导途径,对人体具有很强的致突变性、致癌性和致畸性,同时还会引起生殖障碍和发育缺陷,已于2001年作为首批受控持久性有机污染物列入《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》污染物名单中[3-5]。除用于科学研究,人类从未故意生产过PCDD/Fs,其主要在化工生产过程中和热过程被无意生成和释放,如杀虫剂、除草剂生产的副产物和城市固废焚烧、有色金属冶炼过程中的无意排放[6-8]。
PCDD/Fs经工业源释放后,可迁移扩散到大气、土壤和沉积物等不同环境介质中,人体主要通过膳食摄入、呼吸和皮肤接触等途径暴露。已有研究通过测定空气、土壤、食物和其他环境介质中PCDD/Fs的浓度来评估人类的暴露水平[9-10]。但是测定人体组织可直接反映人群PCDD/Fs暴露水平,相关研究已在美国、日本、欧洲和我国部分地区开展[11]。如罗等[12]测定了越南男性血清中的二恶英水平,考虑年龄、体质指数、吸烟等因素,分析了男性患病与二恶英的关系;Zubero等[13]测定了西班牙固体废物焚烧厂附近采集的人体血清,并分年龄和性别进行了分析,发现PCDD/Fs的浓度水平与年龄无显著相关性;Baba等[14]测定了日本婴儿血清中PCDD/Fs的浓度,发现男婴和女婴的PCDD/Fs无显著差异;Wittsiepe等[15]测定了德国工业化地区19—42岁孕妇分娩时的血清和母乳中PCDD/Fs的含量,分析了工业区内人群的暴露水平;Hsu等[16]测定了中国台湾普通人群的血清样本中PCDD/Fs暴露水平,发现低龄组血清中PCDD/Fs组成特征与其他3个高龄组有显着差异,可能受到代谢速率或饮食习惯的影响,这意味着在分析PCDD/Fs对人体影响时,必须考虑样本的年龄、性别等潜在因素。目前,研究主要选择人血和母乳作为人体暴露指示样本,但母乳受到年龄、性别等限制,不具备普通人群的代表性。人体血清具有较高的脂质含量,有助于脂溶性化合物的分析;易获得不同性别、不同年龄段的血清样本;同时测定血清中PCDD/Fs是对大气、土壤等环境介质监测的补充,能更准确的评估人体PCDD/Fs的暴露水平。
本研究采集了我国北方工业城市烟台市共计480位居民血清样本,利用气相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱联用仪测定和分析了其中PCDD/Fs的浓度水平与组成特征,并从性别和年龄段等因素分析了该市居民的PCDD/Fs暴露水平和时间变化趋势,通过单体组成特征分析了可能的暴露源。研究结果将有助于了解当前典型工业城市居民暴露PCDD/Fs的水平与特征。
我国北方典型城市居民人体血清中PCDD/Fs暴露水平:性别差异与年龄变化趋势
Exposure level of PCDD/Fs in the human serum samples from a typical city in northern China: Sex difference and age trend
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摘要: 多氯代二苯并二恶英(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,PCDDs)和多氯代二苯并呋喃(polychlorinated dibenzofurans,PCDFs)因具有环境持久性、生物累积性和高毒性而广受人们关注。本研究采集了我国北方典型工业城市烟台市共计480位居民的血清,其中男性和女性血清样本各240份,年龄范围为18—54岁,测定和分析了PCDD/Fs的浓度水平和单体组成特征,讨论了不同年龄段及男女性别之间的暴露差异。男性血清中PCDD/Fs的平均浓度为231 pg·g−1,女性为156 pg·g−1,主要单体分别为OCDF和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF;男性血清中PCDD/Fs的平均毒性当量浓度为11.0 pg·g−1,女性为18.7 pg·g−1。在25—29、30—34、35—39的3个年龄段中,男性血清TEQ水平高于女性,其余均低于女性,这可能与男女职业暴露差异有关。20—24岁女性血清中TEQ水平最高,主要由较高浓度的1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD造成。25—54岁女性血清样本中TEQ浓度随年龄增大而增大,这可能与人体年龄增长而新陈代谢强度降低有关,导致人体组织中PCDD/Fs随年龄增长而逐渐累积。男性年龄与血清中的TEQ不呈相关性。此外,penta-CDF、hexa-CDF、penta-CDD和hexa-CDD是TEQ的主要贡献同系物,占比80.5%以上。考虑到该市存在可能的工业暴露源,PCDD/Fs对城市居民造成的健康风险应持续关注。Abstract: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) have attracted much attention due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and high toxicity. In this study, serum samples were collected from 480 residents in Yantai, a typical industrial city in northern China. There were 240 male serum samples and 240 female serum samples, whose age ranged from 18 to 54. The concentration and congener composition characteristics of PCDD/Fs were measured and analyzed, and the exposure differences of ages and sex were discussed. The average serum PCDD/F concentrations were 231 pg·g−1 in males and 156 pg·g−1 in females, and the main congeners were OCDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, respectively. The mean toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in serum were 11.0 pg·g−1 in males and 18.7 pg·g−1 in females, respectively. The serum TEQ level of males was higher than those of females in the ages of 25—29, 30—34 and 35—39, and the rest were lower than those of females, which may be related to the differences in occupational exposure between males and females. Serum TEQ levels were highest in women aged 20—24 years, mainly caused by high concentrations of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD. The concentration of TEQ in serum samples of women aged 25—54 increased with age, which may be related to the decrease of metabolic intensity with increased human body ages, resulted in PCDD/Fs accumulated gradually with age in human tissues. There was no correlation between TEQ in male serum and age. In addition, penta-CDF, hexa-CDF, penta-CDD and hexa-CDD are the major contributory homologs of TEQ, accounting for more than 80.5%. Given the potential sources of industrial exposure in the city, continued attention should be paid to the health risks posed by PCDD/Fs to urban residents.
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Key words:
- PCDD/Fs /
- serum /
- exposure level /
- composition characteristics /
- age and sex
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表 1 烟台市血清样品基本信息
Table 1. Basic information of serum samples in Yantai City
样本编号
Sample number年龄段
Age捐赠人数
Numbers of donors脂重/g
Lipid weight男性-1 <20 30 0.0205 男性-2 20—24 30 0.0163 男性-3 25—29 30 0.0177 男性-4 30—34 30 0.0176 男性-5 35—39 30 0.0220 男性-6 40—44 30 0.0246 男性-7 45—49 30 0.0177 男性-8 50—54 30 0.0262 男性总和 18—54 240 女性-1 <20 30 0.0158 女性-2 20—24 30 0.0183 女性-3 25—29 30 0.0228 女性-4 30—34 30 0.0200 女性-5 35—39 30 0.0215 女性-6 40—44 30 0.0194 女性-7 45—49 30 0.0225 女性-8 50—54 30 0.0218 女性总和 18—54 240 表 2 烟台市居民人体血清中PCDD/Fs的浓度水平(pg·g−1)
Table 2. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in human serum of Yantai residents
物质
Substance男性 Male 女性 Female 最小值
Minimum最大值
Maximum平均值
Mean最小值
Minimum最大值
Maximum平均值
Mean2,3,7,8-TCDF 1.41 12.7 4.72 1.10 19.5 6.98 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF N.D. 8.59 4.11 N.D. 24.1 7.53 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 1.91 15.6 5.47 N.D. 8.20 1.90 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF N.D. 29.8 7.81 N.D. 45.5 9.72 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF N.D. 18.4 5.18 N.D. 23.3 4.96 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF N.D. 22.7 8.66 N.D. 9.56 2.86 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF N.D. 24.1 11.3 N.D. 57.0 17.5 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF N.D. 65.3 15.7 N.D. 130 26.0 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF N.D. 41.7 12.5 N.D. 17.2 4.90 OCDF N.D. 121 45.9 N.D. 61.4 14.6 2,3,7,8-TCDD N.D. 4.77 1.64 N.D. 8.20 1.87 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD N.D. 6.68 1.51 N.D. 36.9 8.90 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD N.D. 31.1 9.78 N.D. 66.7 12.4 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD N.D. 38.1 6.58 N.D. 32.2 11.5 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD N.D. 72.1 19.2 N.D. 39.9 6.15 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD N.D. 12.2 5.13 N.D. 36.4 15.7 OCDD N.D. 203 65.5 N.D. 11.0 2.56 ∑PCDD 31.5 290 121 50.0 180 96.7 ∑PCDF 21.9 274 109 10.0 104 59.0 ∑PCDD/Fs 53.4 435 231 73.7 250 156 N.D.,未检出。not detected.
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