-
近年来,我国污水处理行业发展迅速,城镇污水处理厂的数量不断增加。但是,污水处理厂在处理污水的过程中,也会产生大量的剩余污泥,这些污泥含水率高、有机质多、稳定性差,且含有重金属、致癌有机物、病原微生物等有毒有害物质[1],处理不当将会造成二次污染。因此,目前主流的污泥处理处置方法之一是资源化利用,如好氧堆肥、制作建筑材料、制备生物炭等[2]。其中,通过剩余污泥热解制备得到的污泥质生物炭具有比表面积大、离子交换性强、孔隙度高以及表面官能团丰富等特点,对污水中的重金属离子[3]、有机污染物[4]、氮磷营养物[5]等有较好的吸附去除效果,因此被广泛应用于污水处理领域。此外,生物炭制备过程产生的裂解气和生物油可以直接用作能源[6],进一步提高了污泥的附加值和资源化效率。
研究表明,生物炭对有机污染物的去除能力主要取决于其理化性质[7]。由于污泥自身的特性及热解过程中可能伴随产生的副产物,生物炭实际的比表面积、孔隙结构与表面官能团的丰富度会有所减少;同时,生物炭在水环境中也存在固液分离困难等缺点。因此,目前部分学者通过利用物理、化学等方法将生物炭与其他材料组合使用,来改善原生物炭的理化特性,使其具有更多的表面活性位点,进而提升对污染物的吸附选择性和吸附容量[8],且磁性材料的添加还能增强生物炭的回收利用率[9]。
近年来生物炭材料得到快速发展与应用,然而,针对以污泥为原料制备生物炭复合材料的研究较少,且其对有机污染物的去除效果及机理分析缺少系统性阐述。因此,本文总结了污泥质生物炭的改性方法,系统分析了污泥质生物炭对有机污染物吸附过程中的主要去除机理,并归纳了近年来污泥质生物炭的应用,以期推动生物炭技术在污水处理领域的发展。
改性污泥质生物炭吸附污水中有机污染物的研究进展
Research progress on the removal of organic contaminants from wastewater by modified sludge-based biochar
-
摘要: 污泥质生物炭作为一类碳材料,具有优异的理化性质和多样化的功能,在有机污染物处理领域具有巨大的潜力。利用污泥质生物炭自身的吸附性能,将其与其他材料复合制成新材料,可以赋予生物炭新的性能,提高其吸附效率。本文综述了污泥质生物炭的改性方法及其作为吸附剂在去除废水中有机污染物的应用情况,阐明了改性污泥质生物炭对有机污染物的去除机理,由孔隙填充、分配作用、疏水作用、π-π电子供体-受体作用、静电吸附作用和氢键等微观吸附机制共同作用。最后针对污泥质生物炭吸附后的再生方法进行讨论,并在此基础上提出将来研究高效生物炭吸附材料的重点和研究方向,以期为污泥质生物炭在污水处理系统中的应用提供参考。Abstract: Being one of the classes of carbon materials, sludge-based biochar with excellent physicochemical properties and diversified functions presents great potential in the field of organic contaminant treatment. By compounding raw sludge-based biochar and other materials, novel functional properties could be endowed and the adsorption efficiency of biochar can be much improved. This study reviewed the recent progress on the modification approaches of sludge-based biochar and the efficiencies of these modified materials in the removal of organic contaminants from wastewater were summarized. The removal mechanisms of organic contaminants by modified sludge biochar, including pore filling, partition, ion, hydrophobic interaction, π-π EDA interaction, electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding etc. have been described. The regeneration methods of sludge-based biochar after adsorption of organic contaminants have also been discussed. Based on the review, the authors have proposed the research direction of high-efficient biochar-based adsorption materials in the future, providing scientific and engineering basis for the potential applications of sludge-based biochar in the field of wastewater treatment.
-
Key words:
- sludge /
- biochar /
- modification /
- organic contaminants /
- adsorption mechanism
-
表 1 污泥质生物炭改性方法及其特性
Table 1. Modified method of sludge-based biochar materials and its properties
改性剂
Modified
material常用改性材料
Commonly used modified
material改性方法
Modified method理化性质
Physicochemical property吸附优势
Adsorption advantage酸 HCl、H2SO4、H3PO4、HNO3等 ①污泥在溶液中浸渍老化后再热解制备生物炭;
②将污泥质生物炭在溶液中浸渍老化后,经化学共沉降等方式充分混合后得到复合材料。提升生物炭的总孔容积,多孔结构更为显著,表面灰分减少、阳离子数量提升 易于吸附阳离子污染物 碱 NaOH、KOH、氨水、尿素等 显著提高生物炭的比表面积,表面含氧官能团增加,并以化学键的方式提高材料的热稳定性,促进生物炭孔隙结构的形成 易于吸附大分子有机化合物 磁性材料 零价铁、Fe3O4、Fe2O3、FeO、FeCl3、BiFeO3 生物炭改性后具有磁性,以便于分离再生,并且其孔径和官能团数量均有所增加 易于吸附阴离子污染物 纳米材料 石墨烯、碳纳米管、纳米氧化物、纳米零价铁、纳米金属氢氧化物 增大生物炭的热稳定性、孔隙体积和比表面积,羟基、酯基和羧基等官能团数量有所增加 纳米零价铁生物炭复合材料对阳离子染料和抗生素吸附效果好 有机物 乙二胺四乙酸、乙二胺、二甲基甲酰胺、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、柠檬酸、乙醇、甲醇、乙二醇等 增加生物炭表面羧基、羰基、酯基和醚基等含氧官能团 易于吸附药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)、持久性污染有机物(POPs)等有机物,易吸附阳离子污染物 表 2 改性污泥质生物炭吸附去除染料
Table 2. Dye adsorption by modified sludge-based biochar
污染物种类
Contaminant生物质
Biomass改性方法
Modified
method比表面积/
(m2·g−1)
Surface area吸附容量/(mg·g−1)
Adsorption
capacity吸附效率/%
Adsorption
efficiency参考文献
ReferenceBomaplex red CR-L 电凝法污泥 NaOH — 192.31 99.9 [60] 刚果红16 金属氢氧化物污泥 nZVI 640 178 — [15] 活性红2 制皮厂污泥 Fe(NO3)3·9H2O 167.4 55.87 — [14] 活性红24 纸浆污泥 HCl 79.65 — — [61] 活性红31 制皮厂污泥 TiO2 167.4 39.37 — [14] 活性红 脱水污泥 ZnCl2 — — 90.7 [56] 弱酸性艳红 脱水污泥 ZnCl2 — — 97.5 [56] 活性蓝 脱水污泥 ZnCl2 — — 94.4 [55] 活性蓝13 厌氧污泥 碳纳米管 — — 73.4 [62] 活性蓝19 金属氢氧化物污泥 CeO2 640 158 — [15] 蓝胭脂红 市政污泥 Fe-Ni纳米材料 70 654.33 98.8 [63] 罗丹明B 市政污泥 FeCl3溶液前处理 69.8 — 98.3 [64] 牛仔蓝 市政污泥 10%HCl改性 70 — 99.9 [65] 偶氮活性红31 制皮厂污泥 HNO3 188.25 39.37 — [14] 偶氮染料 剩余污泥 纳米α-FOOH+碳酸钾 202 98.03 — [66] 普施安红色 市政污泥 F2O3 39.84 25.06 — [67] 普施安红色5B 纸浆污泥 nZVI 49.08 18.83 — [68] 酸性橙2 市政污泥 F2O3 605.2 385 — [67] 酸性橙G 铝盐污泥 碳纳米管 — — 93 [69] 酸性橙G 市政污泥 FeCl3溶液后处理 — — 99.33 [70] 亚甲基蓝 市政污泥 石墨烯 — 174 — [55] 亚甲基蓝 市政污泥 HNO3 250 — 45 [71] 亚甲基蓝 纸浆污泥 Fe2O3+FeCl3 — 11.78 95 [72] 亚甲基蓝 市政污泥 乙醇-水(5∶1)混合处理 — 132.2 — [2] 亚甲基蓝 棕榈油厂污泥 KOH 23.5 23.5 — [43] 亚甲基蓝 棕榈油厂污泥 ZnCl2 29.2 22.4 — [43] 亚甲基蓝 纸浆污泥 HCl 79.65 130.69 — [61] 亚甲基蓝 市政污泥 HNO3 605.2 345 — [73] 亚甲基蓝 剩余污泥 NaOH — 518 — [56] 亚甲基蓝 脱水污泥 TiO2 — 29.85 — [74] 表 3 改性污泥质生物炭吸附去除有机酚类
Table 3. Organic phenol adsorption by modified sludge-based biochar
污染物种类
Contaminant生物质
Biomass改性方法
Modified method比表面积/(m2 ·g−1)
Surface area吸附容量
Adsorption capacity吸附效率/%
Adsorption efficiency参考文献
Reference4-对氯苯酚 市政污泥 柠檬酸+ZnCl2 792.4 2.9 mmol·g−1 — [26] 4-对氯苯酚 干污泥 CO2 1800 3.21 mmol·g−1 85 [79] 4-对氯苯酚 干污泥 空气 1800 2.37 mmol·g−1 — [79] 4-对氯苯酚 干污泥 KOH预处理 1800 2.82 mmol·g−1 — [79] 对硝基苯酚 市政污泥 FeCl3溶液前处理 69.8 — 97 [64] 苯酚 市政污泥 柠檬酸+ZnCl2 792.4 2.1 mmol·g−1 — [26] 苯酚 市政污泥 NaOH 121 96.15 mg·g−1 — [80] 苯酚 市政污泥 ZnCl2 — — 98.7 [16] 苯酚 市政污泥 尿素 — — 96 [78] 苯酚 生物污泥 — — — 98.7 [16] 双酚A 市政污泥 尿素 — — 90 [78] 表 4 改性污泥质生物炭吸附去除药物活性物质
Table 4. Pharmacoactive substance adsorption by modified sludge-based biochar
污染物种类
Contaminant生物质
Biomass改性方法
Modified method比表面积/ (m2·g−1)
Surface area吸附容量/(mg·g−1)
Adsorption
capacity吸附效率/%
Adsorption
efficiency参考文献
Reference1-重氮基-2-萘酚-4-磺酸 市政污泥 Fe3O4 585 117.8 — [83] 2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸 高炉瓦斯泥 柠檬酸 380 212 — [84] 2-萘酚 市政污泥 TiO2 321 111.9 — [85] Diazothiophene 市政污泥 KMnO4 629 55.5 — [86] 苯 石化污泥 碳纳米管 624 369 — [87] 苯甲酸 市政污泥 柠檬酸+ZnCl2 792.4 3.49 mmol·g−1 — [26] 丙酮 市政污泥 ZVI — 30 — [26] 草甘膦 铝盐污泥 NaOH — 113.6 91.6 [88] 粗甘油 市政污泥 纳米氧化铝 940 8.88 93 [81] 氟苯氧丙胺 纸浆污泥 KOH 115 191.6 — [89] 氟苯氧丙胺 纸浆污泥 NaOH 60 136.6 — [89] 氟苯氧丙胺 纸浆污泥 ZnCl2 592 28.4 — [89] 甲苯 市政污泥 柠檬酸 117 0.32 — [90] 甲苯 市政污泥 ZnCl2 57.7 0.43 — [90] 甲苯 市政污泥 柠檬酸+ZnCl2 869.5 0.83 — [90] 甲苯 市政污泥 Bi(NO3)3·5H2O 990 350 — [90] 卡巴咪嗪 市政污泥 硝酸铵 67 5.2 — [91] 氯仿 市政污泥 HNO3 757 113 — [92] 氯四环素 市政污泥 ZVI — 309.9 — [92] 柠檬烯 市政污泥 KMnO4 — 640 — [93] 氰化甲烷 市政污泥 碳纳米管 — 150 — [93] 培氟沙星 市政污泥 氧化石墨烯 — 137.51 — [82] 全氟羧酸 市政污泥 石墨烯 — 2.72 — [42] 石油废水 油罐底泥 NaCl 53.8 405 — [94] 四环素 市政污泥 氯化铈预处理 — — 93.4 [95] 四环素 市政污泥 FeCl3·6H2O 139 672 67 [96] 硝基苯 活性污泥 十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 — 40.6 — [97] 有机化合物 生物处理污泥 硝酸铵 89.5 — 66.71 [98] 表 5 污泥质生物炭再生方法的适用性及优缺点比较
Table 5. Comparison of the scope of application and advantages and disadvantages of regeneration methods
再生方法
Regeneration method适用范围
Scope of application优点
Advantages缺点
Disadvantages参考文献
Reference热再生 大规模应用于工业及
污水处理厂工艺成熟,再生时间较短,成本低,经济适用性强 再生损失大,运行条件严格 [102] 溶剂再生 大规模应用于工业 工艺设备简单,使用无机溶剂操作成本低,适用于吸附高浓度、难降解、低沸点有机污染物的脱附 设备易腐蚀,再生液容易造成
二次污染[103] 微波辐照再生 仅处于实验室阶段 再生时间短,易控制加热温度 设备复杂,成本高 [104] 超临界流体再生 仅处于实验室阶段 操作周期短、操作温度低、生物炭的损失低,适用于吸附高挥发性有机物的生物炭 成本高,超临界流体易造成
二次污染[105] -
[1] WEN H, GU L, YU H, et al. Radical assisted iron impregnation on preparing sewage sludge derived Fe/carbon as highly stable catalyst for heterogeneous Fenton reaction [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 352(1): 837-846. [2] 潘紫倩, 黄华军, 何小武, 等. 污泥液化生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性及机理 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2020, 40(1): 217-226. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2020.01.024 PAN Z Q, HUANG H J, HE X W, et al. Adsorption characteristics and mechanism of methylene blue by sludge liquefaction biochar [J]. China Environmental Sicence, 2020, 40(1): 217-226(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2020.01.024
[3] 刘蕾, 付临汝, 杜馨, 等. 联合改性污泥吸附剂去除废水中铬(Ⅵ) [J]. 环境化学, 2018, 37(12): 16-22. LIU L, FU L R, DU X, et al. Removal of Cr (Ⅵ) from wastewater by sludge-based adsorbents with combined modification [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2018, 37(12): 16-22(in Chinese).
[4] 余丽, 刘允康, ATTIMAMA, 等. CWPO体系中污泥炭催化降解头孢氨苄废水 [J]. 环境化学, 2020, 39(5): 1262-1270. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019050602 YU L, LIU Y-K, ATTIMAMA, et al. Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of wastewater containing cephalexin with sludge derived carbon catalyst [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2020, 39(5): 1262-1270(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019050602
[5] 刘殷迪, 周真明, 张红忠, 等. 煅烧改性净水厂污泥的除磷特性 [J]. 环境化学, 2019, 38(2): 325-333. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018030203 LIU Y D, ZHOU Z M, ZHANG H Z, et al. Phosphorus removal characteristics of calcined water treatment plant sludge [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2019, 38(2): 325-333(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018030203
[6] 于颖, 于俊清, 严志宇. 污水污泥微波辅助快速热裂解制生物油和合成气 [J]. 环境化学, 2013, 32(3): 486-491. YU Y, YU J Q, YAN Z Y. Rapid pyrolysis of sewage sludge for the production of bio-oil and syngas under microwave radiation [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2013, 32(3): 486-491(in Chinese).
[7] WANG X, BAYAN M R, YU M, et al. Atomic layer deposition surface functionalized biochar for adsorption of organic pollutants: improved hydrophilia and adsorption capacity [J]. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 13762(17): 1300-1208. [8] 任爱玲, 符凤英, 曲一凡, 等. 改性污泥活性炭对苯乙烯的吸附 [J]. 环境化学, 2013, 32(5): 833-838. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2013.05.016 REN A L, FU F Y, QU Y F, et al. Adsorption properties of modified activated sludge carbon to styrene [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2013, 32(5): 833-838(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2013.05.016
[9] DEVI P, SAROHA A K. Synthesis of the magnetic biochar composites for use as an adsorbent for the removal of pentachlorophenol from the effluent [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 169: 525-531. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.062 [10] LI W H, YUE Q Y, GAO B Y, et al. Preparation of sludge-based activated carbon made from paper mill sewage sludge by steam activation for dye wastewater treatment [J]. Desalination, 2011, 278(1/2/3): 179-185. [11] PENG P, LANG Y H, WANG X M. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of pentachlorophenol on reed biochars: pH effect, pyrolysis temperature, hydrochloric acid treatment and isotherms [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2016, 90: 225-233. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.039 [12] LAU A Y T, TSANG D C W, GRAHAM N J D, et al. Surface-modified biochar in a bioretention system for Escherichia coli removal from stormwater [J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 169(7): 89-98. [13] AZARGOHAR R, DALAI A K. Steam and KOH activation of biochar: Experimental and modeling studies [J]. Microporous & Mesoporous Materials, 2008, 110(2/3): 413-421. [14] GEETHAKARTHI A, PHANIKUMAR B R. Adsorption of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions by tannery sludge developed activated carbon: Kinetic and equilibrium studies [J]. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 8(3): 561-570. [15] GóMEZ-PACHECO C V, RIVERA-UTRILLA J, SáNCHEZ-POLO M, et al. Optimization of the preparation process of biological sludge adsorbents for application in water treatment [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012, 217/218(5): 76-84. [16] MARTIN. Carbonaceous adsorbents from sewage sludge and their application in a combined activated sludge-powdered activated carbon (AS-PAC) treatment [J]. Carbon, 2004, 42(7): 1389-1394. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.01.011 [17] 姚娟, 石太宏, 刘金凤, 等. 市政污泥制备铁/碳复合材料的研究与应用 [J]. 环境工程, 2016, 34(S1): 674-678. YAO J, SHI T H, LIU J F, et al. Study and application of iron/carbon complex materials preparated by municipal sludge [J]. Environmental Engineering, 2016, 34(S1): 674-678(in Chinese).
[18] AGRAFIOTI E, KALDERIS D, DIAMADOPOULOS E. Ca and Fe modified biochars as adsorbents of arsenic and chromium in aqueous solutions [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2014, 146: 444-450. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.029 [19] INYANG M, GAO B, ZIMMERMAN A, et al. Sorption and cosorption of lead and sulfapyridine on carbon nanotube-modified biochars [J]. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 2015, 22(3): 1868-1876. [20] SONG Z, LIAN F, YU Z, et al. Synthesis and characterization of a novel MnOx-loaded biochar and its adsorption properties for Cu2+ in aqueous solution [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 242: 36-42. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.061 [21] LING, ZHU, LIHONG, et al. Coupling interaction between porous biochar and nano zero valent iron/nano α-hydroxyl iron oxide improves the remediation efficiency of cadmium in aqueous solution [J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 219: 493-503. [22] SINGH V, SRIVASTAVA V C. Self-engineered iron oxide nanoparticle incorporated on mesoporous biochar derived from textile mill sludge for the removal of an emerging pharmaceutical pollutant [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 259(4): 1-9. [23] ZHI Z, XU T, TIANSHUAI W, et al. Insight into the effect of Co-doped to the photocatalytic performance and electronic structure of g-C3N4 by first principle [J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental, 2018, 241(3): 397-412. [24] 李敏, 李海岩, 孙发民, 等. 高比表面积石墨化氮化碳的制备及应用 [J]. 石油学报(石油加工), 2014, 30(1): 158-168. LI M, LI H Y, SU F M, et al. Synthesis and application of high-surface-area graphitic carbon nitride [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica(Petroleum Processing Section), 2014, 30(1): 158-168(in Chinese).
[25] MUNIR, AHMAD, ADEL, et al. Engineered biochar composites with zeolite, silica, and nano-zerovalent iron for the efficient scavenging of chlortetracycline from aqueous solutions [J]. Environmental Science & Pollution Research International, 2019, 26(15): 15136-15152. [26] KONG L, XIONG Y, SUN L, et al. Sorption performance and mechanism of a sludge-derived char as porous carbon-based hybrid adsorbent for benzene derivatives in aqueous solution [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 274(15): 205-211. [27] FU Y, QIN L, HUANG D, et al. Chitosan functionalized activated coke for Au nanoparticles anchoring: Green synthesis and catalytic activities in hydrogenation of nitrophenols and azo dyes [J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental, 2019, 255: 1-11. [28] PIGNATELLO J, KWON S, LU Y. Effect of natural organic substances on the surface and adsorptive properties of environmental black carbon (char): Attenuation of surface activity by humic and fulvic acids [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 40(24): 7757-7763. [29] NGUYEN T H, CHO H H, POSTER D L, et al. Evidence for a pore-filling mechanism in the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons to a natural wood char [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41(4): 1212-1217. [30] KASOZI G N, ZIMMERMAN A R, NKEDI-KIZZA P, et al. Catechol and humic acid sorption onto a range of laboratory-produced black carbons (biochars) [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(16): 6189-6195. [31] CHEN B, ZHOU D, ZHU L. Transitional adsorption and partition of nonpolar and polar aromatic contaminants by biochars of pine needles with different pyrolytic temperatures [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(14): 5137-5143. [32] KEILUWEIT M, NICO P S, JOHNSON M G, et al. Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar) [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(4): 1247-1253. [33] KLEINEIDAM S, SCHüTH C, GRATHWOHL P. Solubility-normalized combined adsorption-partitioning sorption isotherms for organic pollutants [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 36(21): 4689-4697. [34] MURPHY E M, ZACHARA J M, SMITH S C, et al. Interaction of hydrophobic organic compounds with mineral-bound humic substances [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1994, 28(7): 1291-1299. [35] CHEN X, XIA X, WANG X, et al. A comparative study on sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by chars, ash and carbon nanotubes [J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 83(10): 1313-1319. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.018 [36] ZHU D, PIGNATELLO J J. Characterization of aromatic compound sorptive interactions with black carbon (charcoal) assisted by graphite as a model [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(7): 2033-2041. [37] 李广. 生物炭去除有机污染物的初步探讨 [J]. 山东化工, 2019, 48(20): 260-261. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-021X.2019.20.109 LI G. Study on Removal of organic pollutants by biochar [J]. Shan Dong Chemical Industry, 2019, 48(20): 260-261(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-021X.2019.20.109
[38] ROCHEFORT A, WUEST J D. Interaction of substituted aromatic compounds with graphene [J]. Langmuir, 2009, 25(1): 210-215. doi: 10.1021/la802284j [39] SPOKAS, A K. Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O: C molar ratios [J]. Carbon Management, 2010, 1(2): 289-303. doi: 10.4155/cmt.10.32 [40] KE S, JIN J, KEILUWEIT M, et al. Polar and aliphatic domains regulate sorption of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) to biochars [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 118: 120-127. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.008 [41] ZHENG H, WANG Z, ZHAO J, et al. Sorption of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole varies with biochars produced at different temperatures [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2013, 181(12): 60-67. [42] ZHANG P, SUN H, YU L, et al. Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of carbaryl and atrazine on pig manure-derived biochars: Impact of structural properties of biochars [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 244-245(4): 217-224. [43] ZAINI M A A, ZAKARIA M, MOHD-SETAPAR S H, et al. Sludge-adsorbents from palm oil mill effluent for methylene blue removal [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2013, 1(4): 1091-1098. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2013.08.026 [44] XU R K, XIAO S C, YUAN J H, et al. Adsorption of methyl violet from aqueous solutions by the biochars derived from crop residues [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102(22): 10293-10298. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.089 [45] 刘蕊, 罗璇, 刘兴. 不同温度制备的HNO3改性生物炭结构表征研究 [J]. 贵州师范学院学报, 2018, 6: 21-24. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7798.2018.02.005 LIU R, LUO X, LIU X. Study on characterization of HNO3-modified biochar produced in different temperatures [J]. Journal of Guizhou Educational Institute, 2018, 6: 21-24(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7798.2018.02.005
[46] MUKHERJEE A, ZIMMERMAN A R, HARRIS W. Surface chemistry variations among a series of laboratory-produced biochars [J]. Geoderma, 2011, 163(3/4): 247-255. [47] ZHANG D, PAN B, WU M, et al. Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on functionalized carbon nanotubes as affected by cations and anions [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159(10): 2616-2621. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.05.036 [48] PEI Z, YANG S, LI L, et al. Effects of copper and aluminum on the adsorption of sulfathiazole and tylosin on peat and soil [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2013, 184(1): 579-585. [49] CHEN C, ZHOU W, LIN D. Sorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine onto biochar from aqueous solution [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 179: 359-366. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.059 [50] SUN H, PENG X, ZHANG S, et al. Activation of peroxymonosulfate by nitrogen-functionalized sludge carbon for efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 241: 244-251. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.102 [51] KAUR K, JINDAL R. Comparative study on the behaviour of Chitosan-Gelatin based hydrogel and nanocomposite ion exchanger synthesized under microwave conditions towards photocatalytic removal of cationic dyes [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2019, 207: 398-410. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.002 [52] MéNDEZ A, PAZ-FERREIRO J, GIL E, et al. The effect of paper sludge and biochar addition on brown peat and coir based growing media properties [J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2015, 193: 225-230. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.032 [53] YAGUB M T, SEN T K, AFROZE S, et al. Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: A review [J]. Advances in Colloid & Interface Science, 2018, 209: 172-184. [54] HE K, CHEN G, ZENG G, et al. Three-dimensional graphene supported catalysts for organic dyes degradation [J]. Applied Catalysis B Environmental, 2018, 228: 19-28. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.01.061 [55] ZHANG M, GAO B, YAO Y, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and environmental implications of graphene-coated biochar [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2012, 435/436(3): 567-572. [56] VASQUES A R, SOUZA S M G U D, VALLE J A B, et al. Application of ecological adsorbent in the removal of reactive dyes from textile effluents [J]. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2009, 84(8): 1146-1155. [57] FAN S S, TANG J, WANG Y, et al. Biochar prepared from co-pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge and tea waste for the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions: Kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamic and mechanism [J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2016, 98(7): 145-165. [58] LENG L, YUAN X, HUANG H, et al. Biochar derived from sewage sludge by liquefaction: Characterization and application for dye adsorption [J]. Applied Surface Ence, 2015, 346(15): 223-231. [59] CHAUKURA N, MURIMBA E C, GWENZI W. Synthesis, characterisation and methyl orange adsorption capacity of ferric oxide–biochar nano-composites derived from pulp and paper sludge [J]. Applied Water Science, 2017, 7(4): 2175-2186. [60] YILMAZ A E, BONCUKCUOĞLU R, KOCAKERIM M, et al. Waste utilization: The removal of textile dye (Bomaplex Red CR-L) from aqueous solution on sludge waste from electrocoagulation as adsorbent [J]. Desalination, 2011, 277(1/2/3): 156-163. [61] LI W, YUE Q, PENG T, et al. Adsorption characteristics of dyes in columns of activated carbon prepared from paper mill sewage sludge [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011, 178: 197-203. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.049 [62] LI Z, JIANG N, WU F, et al. Experimental investigation of phosphorus adsorption capacity of the waterworks sludges from five cities in China [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2013, 53: 165-172. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.038 [63] TRUJILLO-REYES J, SOLACHE-RIOS M, VUCHIS-NESTOR A R, et al. Fe-Ni nanostructures and C/Fe-Ni composites as adsorbents for the removal of a textile dye from aqueous solution [J]. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 2012, 223(3): 1331-1341. [64] 王文刚, 陶红, 戴晓虎. 脱水污泥基铁炭复合材料用于光Fenton催化降解有机污染物 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2020, 14(8): 2232-2241. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201911101 WANG W G, TAO H, DAI X H. Dewatered sludge derived iron-carbon composite as a photo-Fenton catalyst for organic pollutant degradation [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2020, 14(8): 2232-2241(in Chinese). doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201911101
[65] GUTIERREZ-SEGURA E, COLIN-CRUZ A, SOLACHE-RIOS M, et al. Removal of Denim Blue from aqueous solutions by inorganic adsorbents in a fixed-bed column [J]. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 2012, 223(8): 5505-5513. [66] ATHALATHIL S, STüBER F, BENGOA C, et al. Characterization and performance of carbonaceous materials obtained from exhausted sludges for the anaerobic biodecolorization of the azo dye Acid Orange Ⅱ [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 267(2): 21-30. [67] HU S H, HU S C. Kinetics of ionic dyes adsorption with magnetic-modified sewage sludge [J]. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2014, 33(3): 905-912. [68] HU S H, HU S C. Pyrolysis of paper sludge and utilization for ionic dye adsorption [J]. Bioresources, 2013, 8(1): 1-16. [69] TONG D S, LIU M, LI L, et al. Transformation of alunite residuals into layered double hydroxides and oxides for adsorption of acid red G dye [J]. Applied Clay Science, 2012, 70: 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2012.08.001 [70] 张倩, 谢陈飞洋, 仇玥, 等. Fe/污泥基生物炭持久活化过硫酸盐降解酸性橙G [J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(9): 3879-3886. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.09.034 ZHANG Q, XIE C F Y, QIU Y, et al. Durable degradation of orange G using persulfate activated by sludge-derived heterogeneous catalyst [J]. China Environmental Sicence, 2019, 39(9): 3879-3886(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.09.034
[71] SMITH K M, FOWLER G D, PULLKET S, et al. The production of attrition resistant, sewage–sludge derived, granular activated carbon [J]. Separation & Purification Technology, 2012, 98: 240-248. [72] ZHU X, LI C, LI J, et al. Thermal treatment of biochar in the air/nitrogen atmosphere for developed mesoporosity and enhanced adsorption to tetracycline [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 263(5): 475-483. [73] KONG L, TIAN S, LUO R, et al. Demineralization of sludge-based adsorbent by post-washing for development of porosity and removal of dyes [J]. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2013, 88(8): 1473-1480. [74] FAN S, WANG Y, WANG Z, et al. Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by sewage sludge-derived biochar: Adsorption kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics and mechanism [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2017, 5(1): 601-611. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.12.019 [75] CHO D W, KIM S, TSANG Y F, et al. Preparation of nitrogen-doped Cu-biochar and its application into catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol [J]. Environmental Geochemistry & Health, 2017, 1: 1-9. [76] FITZGERALD S, KOLAR P, CLASSEN J, et al. Swine manure char as an adsorbent for mitigation of p-cresol [J]. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2015, 34(1): 125-131. [77] MANFRED C, BIRGIT S, ERNIS S, et al. Adsorption of bisphenol-A, 17β-estradiole and 17α-ethinylestradiole to sewage sludge [J]. Chemosphere, 2004, 56(9): 843-851. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.04.048 [78] WANG J, KOU L, ZHAO L, et al. One-pot fabrication of sludge-derived magnetic Fe, N-codoped carbon catalysts for peroxymonosulfate-induced elimination of phenolic contaminants [J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 248: 126076-126087. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126076 [79] MONSALVO V M, MOHEDANO A F, RODRIGUEZ J J. Adsorption of 4-chlorophenol by inexpensive sewage sludge-based adsorbents [J]. Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2012, 90(11): 1807-1814. [80] ZOU J, DAI Y, WANG X, et al. Structure and adsorption properties of sewage sludge-derived carbon with removal of inorganic impurities and high porosity [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 142: 209-217. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.064 [81] HUNSOM M, AUTTHANIT C. Adsorptive purification of crude glycerol by sewage sludge-derived activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with H3PO4, K2CO3 and KOH [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 229(2): 334-343. [82] 郑永昕, 魏东宁, 余学, 等. 氧化石墨烯改性污泥基生物炭对培氟沙星的去除机理研究 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2020, 33(12): 2879-2887. ZHENG Y X, WEI D N, YU X, et al. Removal mechanism of pefloxacin by graphene oxide modified sludge based biochar [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2020, 33(12): 2879-2887(in Chinese).
[83] GU L, WANG Y, ZHU N, et al. Enhanced adsorptive removal of naphthalene intermediates from aqueous solution by introducing reed straw into sewage sludge-based activated carbon [J]. Environmental Science & Pollution Research International, 2014, 21(3): 2043-2053. [84] GUPTA V K, ALI I, SUHAS, et al. Adsorption of 2, 4-D and carbofuran pesticides using fertilizer and steel industry wastes [J]. Journal of Colloid & Interface Science, 2006, 299(2): 556-563. [85] GU L, WANG Y, ZHU N, et al. Preparation of sewage sludge based activated carbon by using Fenton's reagent and their use in 2-naphthol adsorption [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2013, 146(4): 779-784. [86] NUNTHAPRECHACHAN T, PENGPANICH S, HUNSOM M. Adsorptive desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by sewage sludge-derived activated carbon [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 228(28): 263-271. [87] CHIANG H L, LIN K H, CHEN C Y, et al. Adsorption characteristics of benzene on biosolid adsorbent and commercial activated carbons [J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2006, 56(5): 591-600. [88] HU Y S, ZHAO Y Q, SOROHAN B. Removal of glyphosate from aqueous environment by adsorption using water industrial residual [J]. Desalination, 2011, 271(1/2/3): 150-156. [89] JARIA G, CALISTO V, GIL M V, et al. Removal of fluoxetine from water by adsorbent materials produced from paper mill sludge [J]. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2015, 448(7): 32-40. [90] ANFRUS A, CANALS C-B, ROS A, et al. Removal of odour-causing compounds using carbonaceous adsorbents/catalysts prepared from sewage sludge [J]. Water Science & Technology, 2009, 59(7): 1371-1376. [91] NIELSEN L, ZHANG P, BANDOSZ T J. Adsorption of carbamazepine on sludge/fish waste derived adsorbents: Effect of surface chemistry and texture [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 267: 170-181. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.12.113 [92] TSAI J H, CHIANG H M, HUANG G Y, et al. Adsorption characteristics of acetone, chloroform and acetonitrile on sludge-derived adsorbent, commercial granular activated carbon and activated carbon fibers [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 154(1/2/3): 1183-1191. [93] CHUN Y N, JI D W, YOSHIKAWA K. Pyrolysis and gasification characterization of sewage sludge for high quality gas and char production [J]. Journal of Mechanical Science & Technology, 2013, 27(1): 263-272. [94] SUEYOSHI M, AL-MAAMARI R S, JIBRIL B, et al. Preparation and characterization of adsorbents for treatment of water associated with oil production [J]. Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis, 2012, 97: 80-87. [95] ZHANG W, TANG M, YANG P, et al. Micro-interfacial mechanisms on sludge dewaterability enhancement using cerium chloride for preparation of carbon-based functional material [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 386: 121930-121943. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121930 [96] OH T K, CHOI B, SHINOGI Y, et al. Effect of pH conditions on actual and apparent fluoride adsorption by biochar in aqueous phase [J]. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 2012, 223(7): 3729-3738. [97] PAN J, GUAN B. Adsorption of nitrobenzene from aqueous solution on activated sludge modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 183(1/2/3): 341-346. [98] PAN Z H, TIAN J Y, XU G R, et al. Characteristics of adsorbents made from biological, chemical and hybrid sludges and their effect on organics removal in wastewater treatment [J]. Water Research, 2010, 45(2): 819-827. [99] 王静松, 刘杰, 唐蕾. 污泥基生物质炭在水处理中的应用 [J]. 化工管理, 2020, 7: 113-114. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-4800.2020.15.073 WANG J S, LIU J, TANG L. Application of wasted sludge-based biochar in water treatment [J]. Chemical Enterprise Management, 2020, 7: 113-114(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-4800.2020.15.073
[100] 罗惠莉, 周静如, 冯逸轲, 等. 市政污泥炭对盐酸四环素的吸附净化研究[C]// 2019中国环境科学学会科学技术年会论文集(第四卷), F, 2019. LUO H L, ZHOU J R, FENG Y K, et al. Studies on adsorption and purification of tetracycline hydrochloride from municipal sludge [C]// 2019 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of Chinese Society for Environmental Science of Science and Technology (Vol. 4), F, 2019(in Chinese).
[101] 汪华, 方程冉, 王群, 等. 腐殖酸对生物炭吸附四环素的影响 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2018, 40(4): 62-67. WANG H, FANG C R, WANG Q, et al. Effect of humic acid on the adsorption of tetracycline by biochar [J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2018, 40(4): 62-67(in Chinese).
[102] GUO D, LI Y, CUI B, et al. Natural adsorption of methylene blue by waste fallen leaves of Magnoliaceae and its repeated thermal regeneration for reuse [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 267: 1-8. [103] 白玉洁, 张爱丽, 周集体. 吸附剂再生技术的研究进展 [J]. 辽宁化工, 2012, 41(1): 21-24. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0935.2012.01.007 BAI Y J, ZHANG A L, ZHOU J T. Research process in regeneration technologies of sorbents [J]. Liao Ning Chemical Industry, 2012, 41(1): 21-24(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0935.2012.01.007
[104] LV Y, ZHANG J, ASGODOM M E, et al. Study on the degradation of accumulated bisphenol S and regeneration of magnetic sludge-derived biochar upon microwave irritation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide for application in integrated process [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019, 293: 1-8. [105] FRANCISCO S, NICOLAS M S, RUTH S H, et al. Regeneration of carbonaceous adsorbents. Part Ⅱ: chemical, microbiological and vacuum regeneration [J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2015, 202: 277-296. doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.08.019 [106] 夏晶晶. 胶乳生产污泥制备吸附剂对染料吸附/再生性能研究 [D]. 青岛: 青岛大学, 2019. XIA J J. Study on dye adsorption/regeneration performance of adsorbent prepared from latex production sludge [D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University, 2019(in Chinese).
[107] 祝林. 生物质和GO/TiO2复合材料对四环素的吸附作用及其再生研究 [D]. 合肥: 合肥工业大学, 2019. ZHU L. Study on the adsorption and regeneration of tetracycline by biomass and GO/TiO2 composite materials [D]. Hefei: Hefei University of Technology, 2019(in Chinese).
[108] LU P J, LIN H C, YU W T, et al. Chemical regeneration of activated carbon used for dye adsorption [J]. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2011, 42(2): 305-311. doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2010.06.001