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随着工业的发展,大量重金属被排入土壤和水体,危害生态环境[1-2]。镉在天然水中含量很低,水体污染的镉主要来源是含镉工业如电镀、塑料加工、采矿业和液晶屏制造等产生的废水[3-4]。长期的工业化过程促使排放的镉不断积累,导致水体中镉污染日益严重。用镉污染的水,来进行灌溉,会造成粮食产区镉土壤污染问题,致使粮食中镉超标,并通过食物链积累威胁人类健康[5]。镉是有毒重金属,可致癌,能够在人体的肝、肾和骨等脏器和组织中富集,会导致多种病症的发生如贫血、高血压、神经痛、肾炎和分泌物紊乱等[6]。
纳米零价铁(nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron,简称nZVI)作为新型去除水体中重金属的材料具有高表面活性、强还原性和环境相容性,其修复技术已成为环境领域中极具潜力的新方向[7-9]。传统制备纳米零价铁的方法,即采用硼氢化物(如硼氢化钠)与二价或三价的铁盐(如FeSO4或FeCl3)反应生成纳米零价铁,由于硼氢化物为有毒物质,反应过程易燃易爆,并需氮气保护,制备成本高,限制纳米零价铁有效的应用于环境修复工程中。近年来,一种新型绿色合成纳米零价铁的方法即利用植物提取液与铁盐制备nZVI受到更多学者的青睐,该方法不含硼氢化物等危险物质,有利于植物资源化利用,同时反应成本低廉,其原理是利用植物提取液的有效成分如多酚类物质还原铁盐制备nZVI[10-12]。
纳米零价铁反应活性虽强,但稳定性较差,在空气中放置一段时间反应性明显降低[13],为了提高其稳定性和吸附效率,本研究拟构建石墨基纳米零价铁。石墨基材中膨胀石墨(expanded graphite,简称EG)具有多层次、丰富的孔结构和巨大的孔隙体积和比表面积,对重金属具有优良的吸附性能[14-16]。制备纳米零价铁与膨胀石墨相结合的复合吸附剂,更有利于对水中镉的去除。
本文以黑茶提取液和硫酸亚铁绿色合成nZVI,在制备反应体系中,同时填加EG,合成膨胀石墨负载纳米零价铁(EG-nZVI)。对二者进行表征,并研究nZVI和EG-nZVI对水溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的去除,通过考察各种因素对去除效果的影响,为构建石墨基负载零价铁的吸附剂对水中重金属的去除提供支持。
绿色合成膨胀石墨负载纳米零价铁去除水中Cd(Ⅱ)
Research on removal of cadmium(Ⅱ) by green synthesized nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on expanded graphite
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摘要: 工业生产中Cd(Ⅱ)对水体的危害,本文合成了两种新型吸附剂,纳米零价铁(nZVI)和膨胀石墨负载纳米零价铁(EG-nZVI)。利用 FESEM、EDS、TEM、XRD、FTIR及BET比表面积测定对nZVI和EG-nZVI进行表征,探讨了二者对溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的去除效果。结果表明,含有100 mg·L −1Cd(Ⅱ)溶液,nZVI和EG-nZVI的投加量分别达到0.4 mg·L −1和2 mg·L −1,在超声波辅助的条件下,常温、pH 8、反应30 min时,Cd(Ⅱ)去除率分别为56.3%和78.4%。EG-nZVI和nZVI去除Cd (II)过程均符合伪二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型;将吸附剂置于空气中不同时间,测定结果显示EG-nZVI对Cd (Ⅱ)的去除活性明显高于nZVI,说明EG-nZVI较nZVI有更高的去除效能和稳定性。Abstract: In order to protect the water from the pollution of Cd(Ⅱ) from industrial production process,two new adsorbents, nano zero valent iron (nZVI) and nanoscale zero valent iron supported on expanded graphite (EG-nZVI) were green synthesized. EG-nZVI and nZVI were characterized by FESEM、TEM、EDS、XRD、FTIR and BET specific surface area measurement. In addition, EG-nZVI and nZVI were investigated on the removal of Cd(Ⅱ) of aqueous solution. Results indicated that, for 100 mg·L−1 Cd(Ⅱ) solution, adding 0.4 mg·L−1 nZVI and 2 mg·L−1 EG-nZVI respectively, removal rate of Cd(Ⅱ) was 56.3% and 78.4% which was achieved under the following conditions: at normal atmospheric temperature, pH 8, for 30 min and ultrasound assisted. The removal processes of both were well fitted pseudo second-order dynamic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. EG-nZVI showed high potential to remove Cd(Ⅱ) in aqueous solution than nZVI due to its high removal capability and stability after being placed in the air for different time.
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Key words:
- expanded graphite /
- nanoscale zero-valent iron /
- cadmium(Ⅱ) /
- green synthesis /
- adsorption
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图 12 吸附动力学曲线拟合(a)伪一级动力学方程(nZVI对Cd(Ⅱ)),(b)伪二级动力学方程(nZVI对Cd(Ⅱ)),(c)伪一级动力学方程(EG-nZVI对Cd(Ⅱ)),(d)伪二级动力学方程(EG-nZVI对Cd(Ⅱ))
Figure 12. Adsorption kinetics fitting: (a)pseudo-first-order(nZVI on Cd(Ⅱ)), (b)pseudo-second-order(nZVI on Cd(Ⅱ)),(c)pseudo-first-order(EG-nZVI on Cd(Ⅱ)) and (d)pseudo-second-order(EG-nZVI on Cd(Ⅱ))
表 1 不同样品的比表面积
Table 1. Specific surface area of different specimens
样品 Specimen 比表面积/(m2 ·g−1) Specific surface area 吸附累计孔体积/(cm3 ·g−1) Adsorption cumulative pore volume EG 137.5 0.227 EG-nZVI 145.9 0.221 表 2 不同温度下不同样品对水中Cd(Ⅱ)吸附等温线
Table 2. Isotherm constants of different specimens adsorption on Cd(Ⅱ) at different temperature
样品
Specimen温度
Temperature/KLangmuir 方程参数
Langmuir isotherm constantsFreundlich 方程参数
Freundlich isotherm constantsLangmuir 常数
KL/(mg·g−1)理论最大平衡吸附量qm/(mg·g−1) 相关系数
R2Freundlich 常数
Kf /(mg·g−1)Freundlich
作用强度系数1/n相关系数
R2nZVI 298
3230.29 200 0.9993 56.19 0.2988 0.9138 0.33 217.39 0.9991 66.109 0.2833 0.9099 EG-nZVI 298 0.31 99.01 0.9983 25.24 0.3425 0.9229 323 0.51 102.04 0.999 33.84 0.2793 0.9234 表 3 不同样品去除Cd(Ⅱ)的动力学参数
Table 3. Constants for the kinetics for the removal of Cd(Ⅱ) on different specimens
样品
Specimen实际平衡吸附
量qexq/(mg·g-1)伪一级动力学模型
Pseudo-first-orde kinetics model伪二级动力学模型
Pseudo-second-order kinetics model伪一级方程吸附速率
常数 k1/(min-1)平衡吸附量qeq/
(mg·g-1)相关系数
R2伪二级方程吸附速率
常数 k2/(mg mg-1 min-1)平衡吸附量qeq/
(mg·g-1)相关系数
R2nZVI 142.4 0.0451 133.64 0.9135 0.174 139.16 0.9692 EG-nZVI 39.5 0.1142 31.6 0.8996 0.203 36.7 0.9956 -
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