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新烟碱类杀虫剂(neonicotinoid insecticides,NEOs)属于氯化烟酰类杀虫剂,广泛应用于农业生产、市政绿化、城镇家居害虫防治,尤其是刺吸式害虫、小型鳞翅目和鞘翅目等害虫[1]。新烟碱类杀虫剂已成为全球第一大类杀虫剂[2]。目前,商品化的新烟碱类杀虫剂有多种,其中吡虫啉(imidacloprid, IMI)、噻虫嗪(thiamethoxam, THM)、啶虫脒(acetamiprid, ACE)、噻虫啉(thiacloprid, THA)和噻虫胺(clothianidin, CLO)等典型新烟碱类杀虫剂在我国使用广泛,近年来市场销售额及占有率均排在先列。然而,大多数新烟碱类杀虫剂在施用后并未被动植物吸收代谢,而随着降水、径流或市政排水进入河流、湖泊等受纳水体和城镇污水处理系统中,因其结构稳定、难以降解,具有环境持久性,对非靶标生物(如蜜蜂等授粉昆虫、水生生物等)及水生生态环境造成潜在危害[1, 3-4],属新型有机污染物。
水生生态系统中残留新烟碱类杀虫剂对生态环境及人类健康的潜在不利影响日益明显并引起了世界范围的关注。有研究表明,全球环境,包括土壤和水体均受到了不同程度的新烟碱类杀虫剂的污染[1-2, 5]。新烟碱类杀虫剂可以通过削弱蜜蜂觅食与归巢能力,影响蜜蜂种群数量[5-7]。同时,新烟碱类杀虫剂对水生及陆生无脊椎动物也有一定的致死作用[5],此外,也有研究报道,大量接触新烟碱类杀虫剂会对人体健康产生危害[6]。有研究表明,新烟碱类杀虫剂污染已成为全球范围内普遍存在的环境问题[7]。目前,欧盟、法国、美国、加拿大等组织与国家已颁布相关法令限制或禁止新烟碱类杀虫剂的使用以减缓其危害。我国作为新烟碱类杀虫剂的第一生产和使用大国,有必要在多环境介质中开展其污染状况、环境行为及归趋的研究。
新烟碱类杀虫剂在水中的溶解度很大,易在水体中积累,造成水体污染,可能会转移到水生生物体中会对生物造成危害[6-7]。城镇污水处理厂作为污染物重要的“源”和“汇”,为研究此类物质污染特征、迁移转化行为提供了有效途径。然而,目前针对城镇污水处理过程中新烟碱类杀虫剂迁移转化行为和生物降解等相关报道较少。有研究显示活性污泥法,如A2/O工艺、氧化沟等常规污水处理工艺难以实现有效去除。Sadaria等[8]研究发现噻虫啉、啶虫脒、吡虫啉在常规活性污泥处理系统中去除效果较差,在污水处理系统中具有持久存在性;Iancu等[9]研究发现常规污水处理工艺对新烟碱类农药的去除率较低,效果有限。循环活性污泥工艺(CASS)集曝气、沉淀功能于一体,其曝气、沉淀、排水在同一池子内依次进行,周期循环,并能实现程序化控制,自动化程度高,操作简便,CODCr去除率较高,抗冲击能力强,能实现良好的脱氮除磷。在我国南方地区生活污水处理中有较广泛的应用,其对新烟碱类杀虫剂去除特性有待开展。
城镇污水循环活性污泥处理系统中典型新烟碱类杀虫剂污染特征及去除特性
Pollution and removal of five neonicotinoid insecticides in a municipal wastewater treatment plant with cyclic activated sludge system
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摘要: 采用固相萃取-高分辨液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)技术,研究了广东省中山市某城镇污水循环活性污泥处理系统中5种典型新烟碱类杀虫剂污染特征及去除特性。结果表明,城镇污水循环活性污泥处理系统各工艺段均检测到新烟碱类杀虫剂残留(未检测到噻虫啉),且新烟碱类杀虫剂检出浓度随处理流程逐渐下降;其中缺氧运行阶段系统污泥对新烟碱类杀虫剂吸附作用较好,吸附率约为41%。新烟碱类杀虫剂在曝气运行阶段去除率为32%。污泥吸附和生物降解可能是城镇污水处理系统中新烟碱类杀虫剂的主要去除途径;好氧处理可能有利于新烟碱类杀虫剂的生物降解。当前城镇污水处理系统(CASS工艺)对新烟碱类杀虫剂去除效果不理想,大多数(91%)随出水排入受纳河流水体,可能会对周边水环境及水生态造成潜在巨大危害。
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关键词:
- 新烟碱类杀虫剂 /
- 周期循环活性污泥系统 /
- 废水处理 /
- 去除特性 /
- 生态风险
Abstract: Pollution and removal characteristics of five typical neonicotinoid insecticides in a municipal wastewater recycling activated sludge treatment system in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, were studied using the solid phase extraction-high resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) technique. The results showed that residues of neonicotinoid insecticides were detected in each section of the recycling activated sludge treatment system (except thiacloprid), and the residual concentration of neonicotinoids gradually decreased with the treatment process. Sludge in the anoxic stage showed high adsorption efficiency on the neonicotinoids with an adsorption ratio of about 41%. The removal rate of neonicotinoid insecticides in the aeration stage was 32%. Sludge adsorption and biodegradation could be two main removal pathways of neonicotinoids in the municipal wastewater treatment system, moreover, the aerobic treatment would be beneficial for the biodegradation of neonicotinoid insecticides. Results indicated that the current municipal biological wastewater treatment process (such as the CASS system) shows an unsatisfactory removal of neonicotinoid insecticides. About 91% of influent neonicotinoids are discharged into the receiving river with the effluent, which should cause potential damage to the surrounding water environment and ecology. -
表 1 5种典型新烟碱类杀虫剂理化性质及其环境持久性
Table 1. Physicochemical properties and environmental persistence of five typical neonicotinoid insecticides
名称
Items蒸汽压/mPa
Vapor
pressure溶解度/ (mg·L−1)
Solubilitylg Kowa lg Koca lg Kda 环境持久性(DT50)
Environmental persistence/d土壤介质
Soil水-沉积物
Water-sediment光解
Photolysis水解
Hydrolysis吡虫啉 IMI 4.0×10−7 610 0.57 2.19—2.90 1.20 191 (104—228) 30—129 < 1; 0.2 > 365 噻虫嗪 THM 6.6×10−6 4100 −0.13 1.75 0.37 50 (7—72) 31—40 2.7—39.5 11.5 噻虫胺 CLO 1.3×10−7 340 0.91 2.08 1.20 545 (13—1386) 40—56 < 1; 0.1 14.4 啶虫脒 ACE 1.0×10−3 2950 0.80 2.3 1.32 3 (2—20) 4.7 34 420 噻虫啉 THA 3.0×10−7 184 1.26 3.67 1.45 15.5 (9—27) 8—28 10—63 n/a 注:a. Kow: 辛醇-水分配系数; Koc: 土壤吸附系数; Kd: 水-污泥分配系数.
Note: a. Kow: octanol-water partition coefficient; Koc: organic carbon normalized partition coefficient; Kd: sediment-water partition coefficient.表 2 某城镇污水循环活性污泥处理系统中新烟碱类农药检出类型及平均浓度
Table 2. Detection of neonicotinoid insecticides in a municipal wastewater treatment plant with CASS process
类型
ItemsP1#1 P1#2 P1#3 P1#4 P1#5 P1#S 污水
Water污泥
Sludge污水
Water污泥
Sludge污水
Water污泥
Sludge污水
Water污泥
Sludge污水
Water污泥
Sludge污水
Water污泥
Sludge吡虫啉 IMI 9.5 — 18.3 — 18.5 — 12.9 — 17.1 — 噻虫嗪 THM 60.9 0.453 76.2 0.503 81.1 0.610 61.1 0.522 40.3 1.131 噻虫胺 CLO 37.8 0.576 45.6 0.304 44.0 0.489 34.4 0.407 35.9 0.644 啶虫脒 ACE 12.6 0.719 15.9 0.343 17.7 0.777 14.4 0.660 15.3 0.925 噻虫啉 THA — — — — — — — — — — — — ∑NEOs 120.7 1.748 155.9 1.15 161.3 1.876 122.8 1.589 108.7 2.700 注:污水中检出浓度单位为ng·L−1,污泥中检出浓度单位为ng·g−1 dw,dw:dewatered weight 干重.
Note: unit of concentration in wastewater is ng·L-1, unit of concentration in sludge is ng·g−1 dw, which, dw. means dewatered weight.表 3 新烟碱类杀虫剂与理化指标间相关系数
Table 3. Correlation coefficient between concentration of NEOs and wastewater physicochemical indexes
类型Items T/℃ pH DO/(μmol·L−1) COND/(μS·cm−1) ORP/mV 噻虫嗪 THM −0.44 −0.56 −0.98 0.37 −0.28 噻虫胺 CLO −0.27 −0.47 −0.82 0.70 −0.77 吡虫啉 IMI 0.10 0.40 −0.35 0.19 −0.49 啶虫脒 ACE −0.23 0.33 −0.48 −0.01 −0.28 ΣNEOs −0.36 −0.39 −0.95 0.43 −0.46 -
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