畜禽养殖环境中典型病毒的分布、传播与控制
Distribution, Transmission and Control of Typical Viruses in Livestock and Poultry Breeding Environment
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摘要: 畜禽养殖场作为动物集中的场所，易暴发动物病毒性疾病，一方面严重危害动物健康，给畜牧业造成巨大损失，另一方面一些以养殖动物为源头的人畜共患病毒可能传播至人居环境，以至威胁人类健康。本文对畜禽养殖环境(养殖场及周边环境介质)中典型病毒的分布特征、传播影响因素以及控制措施进行了综述。研究表明，病毒在畜禽养殖场空气、污水及动物粪便中广泛分布，并可通过气溶胶、废水处理排放和粪便堆肥资源化等途径向周边环境介质(空气、地表水和土壤等)中迁移；病毒在不同环境介质中的消亡与传播行为受介质理化性质影响，低温、潮湿以及微碱性pH的环境更有利于病毒的存活；从病毒传播风险控制角度，需从气溶胶传播、污水及粪便处理处置等方面形成多介质多途径协同控制方法，从源头上控制病毒向环境中传播。Abstract: Livestock and poultry farms where animals are concentrated are prone to outbreaks of animal viral diseases. On the one hand, the viral diseases seriously harm the health of farmed animals and cause tremendous losses to animal husbandry. On the other hand, some zoonotic viruses originating from farmed animals may transmit to human residential areas and pose a threat to public health. This paper aims to review the distribution characteristics, influencing factors of transmission, and control strategies of typical viruses in livestock and poultry breeding environment (environmental media from livestock and poultry farms and surroundings). The results indicate that viruses are widely distributed in the air, sewage and animal feces in livestock and poultry farms, and tend to spread to the surrounding environmental media (e.g., air, surface water and soil) through the transmission routes including aerosols, wastewater disposal and utilization of manure compost. The inactivation and transmission of viruses in different environmental media are affected by the physico-chemical properties of media. Low temperature, moisture and slightly alkaline pH are conducive to the survival of viruses. From the perspective of risk control of viruses, it is necessary to develop a collaborative system for preventing the virus transmission through multi-media and multi-paths including aerosol dissemination and sewage/fecal disposal, which could help to control the spread of viruses at the sources.
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Key words:
- livestock and poultry breeding /
- virus /
- distribution /
- transmission /
- control
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