杀虫剂阿维菌素、伊维菌素对斜生栅藻和大型蚤的毒性作用
Toxic Effects of Avermectin and Ivermectin on Scenedesmus obliquus and Daphnia magna
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摘要: 阿维菌素(avermectin, AVM)作为一种高效生物杀虫剂，是中国农药领域中发展最快的品种；其衍生物伊维菌素(ivermectin, IVM)对多种家畜、宠物体内外寄生虫以及农业节肢动物害虫都有极好的杀灭效果。AVM类药物是高脂溶性的，进入动物体内后残留时间长且代谢很少，大部分是以原药的形式经粪尿排出而进入到环境中。其对非靶标生物的毒性效应及其生态风险值得关注。本研究以AVM和IVM为研究对象，在考察其对水环境初级生产者淡水藻类和浮游动物大型蚤急性毒性的基础上，重点探究2种药物对大型蚤生长繁殖等慢性毒性效应。结果表明，最高暴露浓度640 mg·L-1 AVM和IVM对斜生栅藻生长抑制率分别为55.73%和41.84%；对大型蚤的48 h急性毒性LC50值分别为1.43 μg·L-1和0.51 μg·L-1，表明2种药物对淡水绿藻的生长抑制作用不大，但对大型蚤均为剧毒。0.08、0.16 μg·L-1 AVM和0.015～0.06 μg·L-1 IVM暴露21 d后，大型蚤体长显著降低；而大型蚤产卵数、净生殖率和内禀增长率等生殖指标对2种药物的响应较体长变化更为敏感。Abstract: As a highly effective biological insecticide, abamectin (AVM) is the fastest developing variety in pesticide field in China. Its derivative ivermectin (IVM) has excellent killing effect on internal and external parasites of domestic animals, pets, and agricultural arthropod pests. AVM drugs are highly fat soluble and remain in animals for a long time with little metabolism. Most of them are discharged into the environment in the form of raw drugs through feces and urine. Its toxic effects on non-target organisms and ecological risks deserve attention. Taking AVM and IVM as the research objects, based on the acute toxicity of the two drugs to freshwater algae and Daphnia magna, the chronic toxicity effects of the two drugs on the growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna were investigated. The results showed that the inhibition rates of AVM and IVM at the highest exposure concentration of 640 mg·L-1 were 55.73% and 41.84%, respectively. The LC50 values of 48 h acute toxicity to Daphnia magna were 1.43 μg·L-1 and 0.51 μg·L-1, respectively, indicating that the two drugs had little inhibitory effect on the growth of fresh water green algae, but they were highly toxic to Daphnia magna. After exposure to 0.08, 0.16 μg·L-1 AVM and 0.015～0.06 μg·L-1 IVM for 21 d, the body length of Daphnia magna was significantly reduced after. The response of reproductive indexes, such as spawning number, net reproductive rate and intrinsic growth rate, to the two drugs was more sensitive than the change of body length.
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Key words:
- avermectin /
- ivermectin /
- Daphnia magna /
- Scenedesmus obliquus /
- toxicity
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