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我国是世界上畜禽养殖第一大国,畜禽养殖业排放化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)、氨氮和总氮的量占农业污染排放总量的比例分别达到了95.2%、76.8%和62.4%[1]。畜禽养殖过程产生大量高氨氮有机废水,已成为水体污染的最主要来源,对这部分废水的有效处理成为畜禽养殖业污染控制的关键[2]。对于畜禽养殖废水的处理通常采用除碳+脱氮的耦合工艺,其中除碳过程通过厌氧消化将有机物转化为甲烷回收,而脱氮过程往往采用生物脱氮方法。传统的生物脱氮技术需要结合自养菌的好氧硝化作用和异养菌的缺氧反硝化作用,但是,当硝化和反硝化在2个独立单元中进行时(如A/O工艺),需要进行混合液回流,通常具有占地面积大和建设投资成本高等缺点。虽然当硝化和反硝化在同一个反应器内(SBR工艺)进行时,能够节省占地和成本,但需要分时段控制曝气和投加碳源,增加了操作复杂性。在处理畜禽养殖废水的厌氧消化液时,一方面,高氨氮质量浓度易对自养硝化产生抑制;另一方面,厌氧消化处理后出水中仍会残留很多有机物,这将进一步抑制自养硝化效果。因此,十分有必要开发更适宜的高氨氮有机废水处理技术。
异养硝化-好氧反硝化(heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification, HN-AD)菌能够适应高质量浓度的氨氮和有机物,通过异养硝化与好氧反硝化作用的耦合,在好氧条件下能够将废水中的氨氮转化为氮气,实现高效脱氮,整个代谢过程几乎没有亚硝态氮/硝态氮的积累,同时有机物也得到了降解和去除。1984年,ROBERTSON等[3]将首株HN-AD菌Thiosphaera pantotropha从硫氧化脱硝废水处理装置中分离出来。近年来,越来越多的HN-AD菌被发现,它们大多具有世代时间短和耐受性强等优势,对高质量浓度的氨氮和有机物有较好的耐受和处理效果[4]。HN-AD菌Comamonas WXZ-17可耐受817 mg·L−1的氨氮质量浓度,Acinetobacter sp. TN-14能在氨氮质量浓度高达1 200 mg·L−1的环境下生长[5]。HN-AD菌耐受高氨氮的同时能实现对其转化脱除,如Thauera sp. SND5的平均氮去除速率约为2.85 mg·(L·h)−1[6];Bacillus methylotrophicus L7在初始氨氮质量浓度为1 121.2 mg·L−1的条件下,总氮去除速率可达3.8 mg·(L·h)−1[7]。因此,HN-AD技术可以适应高氨氮有机废水的脱氮处理,反应速率高、处理时间短,同时能够在同一个处理单元中在好氧条件下实现有机物和氨氮、总氮的同步去除,降低工艺复杂度,有望为高氨氮有机废水提供一种具有更高效率和更低成本的新技术。目前相关的研究以纯菌HN-AD系统较多,而实际工程中很难做到纯菌环境,那么具有HN-AD功能的污泥驯化就非常重要,是实现技术应用的关键,然而相关的研究仍然较为缺乏。SONG等[8]针对高盐榨菜废水的处理,经过105 d驯化建立了HN-AD混菌系统,COD和总氮去除率分别达到了93.2%和82.4%。但是,上述方法的驯化时间长,系统启动较慢,迫切需要一种在实际应用场景中低成本、快速、有效驯化具有HN-AD功能活性污泥的方法以及有机碳源对系统运行的影响及其优化相关的研究。
因此,本研究考察了在固定C/N比条件下驯化HN-AD活性污泥的方法,并进行了HN-AD效果验证,选择了3种碳源以探究碳源种类和C/N比对系统运行效果的影响,分析了系统中有机物降解和脱氮的动力学特征,揭示了系统中的优势功能菌,以期为实际工程中畜禽养殖废水厌氧消化液等高氨氮有机废水的高效处理提供技术支撑。
有机碳源对异养硝化-好氧反硝化生物脱氮的影响及其优化
Effect of organic carbon on the biological nitrogen removal through heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification and its optimization
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摘要: 异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)是一种新型的高氨氮有机废水生物脱氮技术,目前在纯菌系统中的研究较多而更适合真实应用场景的混菌系统相关研究则较为缺乏,限制了技术的推广应用。本研究首先开发了具有HN-AD功能的活性污泥驯化方法并进行了验证,然后研究了碳源种类和C/N比的影响并进行了优化。结果表明,HN-AD污泥被成功驯化,自养硝化菌的丰度占比较低(<1%),在最佳脱氮效果运行条件下,Thauera逐渐富集并成为HN-AD系统的优势功能菌,其丰度占比高达69.7%。有机碳源对HN-AD脱氮系统具有重要影响,采用混合碳源(柠檬酸钠、乙酸钠、丁二酸钠,溶液中三者的COD比=1:1:1)并在C/N=20时实现了95%的氨氮去除率和89.6%的总氮去除效率,同时COD去除率高达92%,可实现高效脱氮和有机物去除。
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关键词:
- 异养硝化-好氧反硝化 /
- 碳氮比 /
- 氨转化率 /
- 微生物群落 /
- 反应动力学
Abstract: Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification(HN-AD) is a novel biological nitrogen removal technology for high-ammonium organic wastewater. Currently, related studies mainly focus on the HN-AD in pure culture using single bacteria, while studies on mixed bacteria systems suitable for realistic application scenario are relatively scarce, limiting the application of this technology. This study developed and validated an activated sludge domestication method with HN-AD function. Subsequently, the impacts of carbon source types and C/N ratio were investigated and optimized. Results showed that the HN-AD sludge was successfully domesticated, with a low proportion of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria (<1%). Under the optimal condition of nitrogen removal, Thauera was gradually enriched and became the dominant functional bacterium in the HN-AD system, accounting for a high relative abundance of 69.7%. Organic carbon sources had a significant impact on the HN-AD nitrogen removal system. At a C/N ratio of 20 and the mixed carbon sources (sodium citrate, sodium acetate, sodium succinate, the related COD ratio of these carbon sources was 1:1:1) in the HN-AD system, the removal efficiency of ammonium and total nitrogen could reach 95% and 89.6%, respectively, and COD removal efficiency could reach 92%, which could achieve effective total nitrogen and organic matter removal. -
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