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食物、能源和水资源 (下简称FEW) 是支撑人类日常生活和经济社会发展最重要的资源,面临着需求持续增长和资源紧缺的挑战[1]。FEW耦合研究能够清晰地说明FEW之间的多尺度联系,被认为是实现可持续发展议程、应对气候变化的有效手段[2-3]。为探究解决传统政策和规划的“孤岛”问题的方案,政策的制定必须考虑“耦合”方法,以便识别政策实施过程中潜在的协同性和矛盾性[4-5]。家庭是社会的基本单元,其对FEW以及其他商品和服务的需求驱动着全球资源消耗和温室气体排放的增长[6-7]。家庭FEW耦合通过捕捉家庭尺度饮食、能源和水之间的联系,提高对资源利用和管理的理解,是相关政策制定和优化的重要工具[8]。目前,家庭尺度FEW研究囿于数据局限、同视城乡,多集中于城市地区,忽略了处于快速发展和复杂转型阶段的农村[9]。
2022年,中国有4.9亿人生活在农村地区,占全国总人口的比重为34.78%[10]。在城镇化进程中,农村也分化为不同的类型。一些农村完成了空间城市化,例如形成了城中村、城乡结合部和城郊社区,还有一些通过撤村并居等方式,居民宅基地被拆除并搬入新社区集中居住,这些农村家庭的生产生活方式接近城市[11]。另一类农村保留着传统乡村景观,居民住宅以独立的分户式、庭院型住宅为主,占当前乡村类型的主体,这里称之为“传统农村”。传统农村与城市在区域环境、经济条件、生活习惯、基础设施建设等方面存在差异,这导致了传统农村家庭FEW消费模式与城市家庭的不同[12-15]。目前,国内外家庭尺度的FEW耦合研究多关注家庭终端器具、生活行为和社区政策等[16-19]。但城市家庭FEW的框架方法和政策情景往往无法简单套用在农村家庭,尤其是仍保留传统村庄特点的农村家庭。
本研究以传统农村家庭FEW耦合为核心,梳理了其用能、用水、饮食的特点,并归纳并比较了国内外农村家庭研究中减少资源消费、提高利用效率、改变生活方式和利用庭院空间的多种政策措施,以此基础构建了全新的传统农村家庭FEW耦合政策分析框架,为面向可持续的传统农村家庭政策设定提供支撑。
面向可持续目标的传统农村家庭食物-能源-水耦合研究:框架构建
Food-energy-water nexus in traditional rural households to achieve sustainability goals: Framework construction
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摘要: 家庭食物-能源-水 (FEW) 3系统之间互相联系,对其中1种资源的管理政策调整会对另外2个系统产生不同程度的影响,需要深入理解其耦合关系。传统农村家庭屋顶和庭院的闲置率高,可利用潜力大,但城市家庭FEW的政策情景往往无法简单套用在农村家庭,尤其是仍保留传统村庄特点的农村家庭。通过深入梳理中国传统农村家庭FEW消费模式和国内外相关政策关联内容设计,全新构建了传统农村家庭FEW耦合研究框架。该框架由家庭FEW消费模块、屋顶/庭院利用模块和政策输入输出模块构成,能够清晰地展示政策实施中跨边界耦合影响发生的节点,提高对资源利用的理解和管理路径的识别。该框架可用于传统农村家庭FEW相关政策收集和制定、政策影响评估和政策优化,助力农村可持续发展和乡村振兴。Abstract: The interconnected systems of household food, energy, and water (FEW) are deeply intertwined. Adjusting management policies for one resource can significantly influence the other two, thus requiring a deeper understanding of their nexus relationships. In traditional rural household, the underutilization of roofs and courtyards presents a substantial opportunity for resource optimization. However, the FEW policy frameworks designed for urban households are not directly transferable to rural households, particularly those preserving traditional village characteristics. Through an analysis of consumption patterns in Chinese traditional rural households and a critical review of nexus policy designs both domestically and internationally, this study developed a novel FEW nexus policy analysis framework tailored for traditional rural households. This framework comprised a FEW household consumption module, a roof/courtyard utilization module, and a policy input and output module. It effectively highlighted the points of cross-boundary nexus effects during policy implementation, enhancing our comprehension of resource utilization and clarifying management trajectories. The framework serves as a tool to gather and shape policies pertinent to traditional rural households, evaluate policy impacts, refine policy approaches, and ultimately support sustainable rural development and revitalization efforts.
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Key words:
- traditional rural household /
- food-energy-water nexus /
- synergy /
- resource saving /
- roof/courtyard
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表 1 农村屋顶和庭院利用模式
Table 1. Rural courtyard utilization model
表 2 中国农村家庭食物-能源-水政策梳理
Table 2. Chinese rural household FEW policy review
领域 政策目标 政策内容 政策来源 能源 节能 推进节能及绿色农房建设,鼓励农村居民使用高效节能电器。开展全民节约行动和节能进家庭、进社区、进农村等,鼓励农民绿色出行 《“十四五”节能减排综合工作方案》[54] 能源替代 开展北方清洁取暖工作,农村地区优先利用地热、生物质、太阳能等多种清洁能源供暖,有条件的发展天然气或电供暖,适当利用集中供暖延伸覆盖 《北方地区清洁取暖
规划》[23]稳步扩大农村电力、燃气和洁净型煤供给,加快替代农村劣质散煤 《加快农村能源转型发展助力乡村振兴的实施意见》[53] 可再生能源
生产和消纳支持具备资源条件的地区,特别是乡村振兴重点帮扶县,以县域为单位,采取“公司+村镇+农户”等模式,鼓励利用农户闲置土地和农房屋顶,建设分布式风电和光伏发电,配置一定比例的储能,自发自用,就地消纳,余电上网 在农林生物质资源丰富的县域,探索建设生物质热电联产、生物质天然气等项目,满足乡镇生活用电、用热、用气等需求;在畜禽养殖规模较大的县域,结合农村有机垃圾治理,建设园区型“养殖-沼气-种植”项目和农户庭院型沼气项目 水资源 节水 加快推进农村生活节水,完善农村集中供水和节水配套设施建设,在有条件的地方实施计量收费。加强农村生活用水设施改在,推广使用节水器具,创造良好节水条件 《国家节水行动
方案》[55]水卫生 推进农村厕所革命,实施农村污水处理工程和保障饮用水安全;加强生活污水源头减量和尾水回收利用 食物 节约粮食 开展节粮减损文明创建,把粮食减损要求融入村规民约,推进粮食节约宣传教育进社区、进农村、进家庭等,将“光盘行动”等纳入文明村镇、文明家庭等创建中 《粮食节约行动
方案》[57]饮食营养 推进居民影响健康知识知晓率提高,推广应用《中国居民膳食指南》指导日常饮食,做好农村留守儿童营养保障工作 《中国食物与营养发展纲要》[56] 庭院种养 发展庭院特色种植,重点发展蔬菜、林果、花卉、盆栽等特色作物,形成与大田作物差异化、互补性发展;发展庭院特色养殖,推动庭院养殖融入现代养殖生产体系 《关于鼓励引导脱贫地区高质量发展庭院经济的指导意见》[49] 表 3 国际农村家庭食物-能源-水代表性政策
Table 3. Foreign rural household FEW representative policy
国家/地区 领域 政策内容 政策来源 欧盟 能源 鼓励社区可再生能源行动和减少煤炭过度依赖 A Long-term Vision For the EU's Rural Areas By 2040 [58] 水资源 支持农村保留水的措施和活动,例如通过智能水管理和雨水、中水管理、绿色屋顶等 食物 在个人层面上激励环境友好做法,发展当地食品系统,加强有机食品倡议 美国 能源 联邦政府为家庭节能升级提供税收抵免,包括太阳能设备、风力涡轮机和燃料电池、隔热、高效的供暖和空调系统 United States Energy Review [59] 印度 能源 促进农村地区电力供应;通过财政补贴为农村家庭提供清洁的烹饪设施;通过离网安装 (主要是微电网) 支持印度农村采用分布式光伏发电;在农村地区发展可持续的生物燃料;促进微型太阳能照明在农村地区推广;鼓励农村家庭取水系统转向可再生能源 Greening Rural Development in India [60] 水资源 印度实施国家农村饮用水计划 (NRDWP) ,在可持续的基础上满足农村家庭安全饮用水;该计划还包括实施有效的废水管理,例如有宅基地和菜园空间的农村家庭利用灰水 (洗碗、洗衣等) 灌溉厨房花园;雨水回收作为满足家庭用水需求的替代来源 -
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