-
城市污水排放是地表水最重要的人为氮源污染之一[1]。近年来,为了更好地调控受纳水体的富营养化风险,污水处理厂的总氮排放标准越来越严格,包括美国、欧洲和中国的部分地区甚至要求出水达到超低总氮排放限值 (5~10 mg·L−1) [2]。除了溶解性无机氮 (即氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮) ,溶解性有机氮 (DON) 作为污水处理厂重要的出水氮组分越来越受到关注。特别是在无机氮脱除技术不断提标以及总氮排放限值愈发严苛的背景下,DON在污水总氮中的占比越来越高 (>65%) [3]。以往的研究表明,DON是一种潜在的生物可利用氮源,相当一部分DON可以很容易的被藻类和细菌利用[4]。EAM等[5]研究发现DON表现出比无机氮更强的刺激浮游植物生长的能力。目前常使用可以支持藻类生长的DON占总DON的比例来代表DON的生物有效性,用以表征污水DON的富营养化潜能[6-7]。活性污泥法是污水处理厂中最广泛应用的技术,其中好氧活性污泥法比厌氧和缺氧活性污泥法更容易导致较高的出水DON浓度[8]。因此,探讨调控好氧活性污泥法中DON的技术方法,尤其是从生物有效性的角度,对于有效保护受纳水体水质具有重要的意义。
投加外源金属二价阳离子 (如Mg2+、Ca2+、Fe2+、Mn2+) 可以通过影响微生物的表面电荷分布,酶活性等方式影响活性污泥系统的水处理能力影响出水水质[9]。例如,ZHANG等[10]研究发现投加镁离子 (Mg2+) 浓度低于1.1 mmol·L−1时,好氧活性污泥硝化活性显著提高,但在镁离子浓度达到3 mmol·L−1时硝化活性受到抑制。SINDHU等[11]在厌氧氨氧化系统中发现亚铁离子 (Fe2+) 添加对污泥胞外聚合物产量和脱氮效果有很大影响,当添加1 mmol·L−1 Fe2+时,氨氮和硝态氮去除率可以分别达到94.33%和94.84%。樊艳丽等[12]发现钙离子 (Ca2+) 会影响活性污泥系统的总氮 (TN) 去除率。所以投加适量外源金属离子常被用作强化好氧活性污泥处理性能的方法。其中,Ca2+被发现可以能够影响污泥的代谢产物,如胞外聚合物 (EPS) 和微生物溶解性产物 (SMP) 。这些代谢产物主要是蛋白质和多糖,与污水中的DON直接相关。ZHANG等[13]发现投加168.5 mg·L−1的钙离子能够有效减少微生物絮体中松散结合的EPS和上清液中SMP。ARABI和NAKHLA[14]也在140 mg·L−1的钙离子投加量下发现了污泥上清液中SMP的降低。综上表明,向活性污泥系统适量投加钙离子具有调控出水DON的潜力。然而,目前对于钙离子对好氧活性污泥DON的影响及内在微生物作用机理仍不明确。
本研究旨在探究外源钙离子对好氧活性污泥DON及其生物有效性的影响,并基于超高分辨率的傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱 (FTICR-MS) 分析DON的分子特征,解释其生物有效性变化的原因。最后,通过分析微生物的生理变化特征及群落结构尝试从微生物角度阐释钙离子影响好氧活性污泥DON的内在机理。本研究的结果将为污水处理厂中好氧活性污泥法的出水DON控制提供实践指导,以更好地调控出水氮的富营养化潜能,降低污水排放对于水环境的负面影响。
外源钙离子对好氧活性污泥反应器溶解性有机氮特征的影响
Effect of exogenous calcium ions on characteristics of dissolved organic nitrogen in aerobic activated sludge reactors
-
摘要: 为探明外源钙离子对好氧活性污泥系统溶解性有机氮 (DON) 的影响,考察了不同钙离子浓度下 (0~1 mmol·L−1) 出水DON浓度和生物有效性的变化,并结合傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱 (FTICR-MS) 及微生物代谢活性和群落结构分析探究钙离子影响的分子层面原因和微生物内在机理。结果表明,出水DON的浓度和生物有效性随着外源钙离子浓度的增加均呈现阈值现象,在最佳钙离子投加阈值浓度 (0.1 mmol·L−1 Ca2+) 下,出水DON浓度和生物有效性为1.46±0.12 mg·L−1和17.97%±0.05%,比空白组 (0 mmol·L−1 Ca2+) 分别增加了35.2%和降低了47.6%。FTICR-MS分析DON的分子特征显示,钙离子是通过影响好氧活性污泥反应器中氧化程度较低分的组分 (NOSC<0) 影响了最终出水DON的生物有效性。微生物学分析表明,三磷酸腺苷、琥珀酸脱氢酶、脱氢酶、饱和脂肪酸和Luteolibacter菌是推动出水DON去除率提升和生物有效性降低的重要因素。
-
关键词:
- 钙离子 /
- 溶解性有机氮(DON) /
- 生物有效性 /
- 傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱
Abstract: To investigate the effect of exogenous calcium ions on dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in aerobic activated sludge systems, this study examined the changes in effluent DON concentration and bioavailability under different calcium ion concentrations (0~1 mmol·L-1). Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and microbial analysis of metabolic activity and commol·L-1unity structure were combined to explore the molecular reasons and microbial mechanisms underlying the influence of calcium ions. The results showed that both the effluent DON concentration and bioavailability exhibited threshold phenomena with increasing exogenous calcium ion concentration, reaching 1.46±0.12 mg·L−1 and 17.97±0.05% at the optimal calcium ion dosage threshold (0.1 mmol·L-1). At this dosage, the DON concentration and bioavailability increased by 35.2% and decreased by 47.6% compared to the blank group (0 mmol·L-1), respectively. FTICR-MS analysis of DON molecular characteristics showed that calcium ions influenced the final effluent DON bioavailability mainly by affecting the less oxidative DON components (NOSC<0) in the aerobic activated sludge bioreactor. Microbiological analysis indicated that ATP, SDH, DHA, saturated fatty acids, and Luteolibacter were important factors promoting the increase in DON removal and decrease in effluent DON bioavailability. -
-
[1] PRICE J R, LEDFORD S H, RYAN M O, et al. Wastewater treatment plant effluent introduces recoverable shifts in microbial community composition in receiving streams[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 613-614: 1104-1116. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.162 [2] CHENG H Z, MA S J, LIAO K W, et al. Effect of external carbon source type on effluent dissolved organic nitrogen characteristics in postdenitrifying moving bed biofilm reactors: Chemical molecular and microbial insights[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 466: 143338. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.143338 [3] PEHLIVANOGLU-MANTAS E, SEDLAK D L. Wastewater-derived dissolved organic nitrogen: analytical methods, characterization, and effects—A review[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 36(3): 261-285. doi: 10.1080/10643380500542780 [4] LIU H Z, JEONG J, GRAY H, et al. Algal uptake of hydrophobic and hydrophilic dissolved organic nitrogen in effluent from biological nutrient removal municipal wastewater treatment systems[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(2): 713-721. [5] EOM H, BORGATTI D, PAERL H W, et al. Formation of low-molecular-weight dissolved organic nitrogen in predenitrification biological nutrient removal systems and its impact on eutrophication in coastal waters[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(7): 3776-3783. [6] HU H D, LIAO K W, GENG J J, et al. Removal characteristics of dissolved organic nitrogen and its bioavailable portion in a postdenitrifying biofilter: Effect of the C/N ratio[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(2): 757-764. [7] PEHLIVANOGLU E, SEDLAK D L. Bioavailability of wastewater-derived organic nitrogen to the alga Selenastrum Capricornutum[J]. Water Research, 2004, 38(14): 3189-3196. [8] HUO S L, XI B D, YU H L, et al. Characteristics and transformations of dissolved organic nitrogen in municipal biological nitrogen removal wastewater treatment plants[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2013, 8(4): 044005. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044005 [9] 何甦. 低温好氧污泥活性的影响因素研究[D]; 江苏: 南京大学, 2020. [10] ZHANG L H, ZHAO Q N, ZHANG M S, et al. Mg2+ distribution in activated sludge and its effects on the nitrifying activity and the characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances and sludge flocs[J]. Process Biochemistry, 2020, 88: 120-128. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.10.002 [11] SINDHU L, NIU K L, LIU X L, et al. Effect of Fe2+ addition on anammox consortia, nitrogen removal performance and functional genes analysis during start-up of anammox process[J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2021, 43: 102251. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102251 [12] 樊艳丽, 孔秀琴, 牛佳雪. 钙离子浓度对活性污泥处理系统脱氮效果的影响[J]. 石油学报(石油加工), 2014, 30(5): 921-927. [13] ZHANG H M, XIA J, YANG Y, et al. Mechanism of calcium mitigating membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2009, 21(8): 1066-73. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62383-9 [14] ARABI S, NAKHLA G. Impact of cation concentrations on fouling in membrane bioreactors[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2009, 343(1): 110-118. [15] 韩成龙, 赵凌云, 段冰, 等. A2/O工艺中溶解性有机氮的分子转化与生物有效性特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023, 43(4): 1610-1619. [16] HU H D, LIAO K W, WANG J F, et al. Effect of influent carbon-to-nitrogen ratios on the production and bioavailability of microorganism-derived dissolved organic nitrogen (mDON) in activated sludge systems[J]. ACS ES& T Water, 2021, 1(9): 2037-2045. [17] HU H D, LIAO K W, SHI Y J, et al. Effect of solids retention time on effluent dissolved organic nitrogen in the activated sludge process: studies on bioavailability, fluorescent components, and molecular characteristics[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(6): 3449-3455. [18] ZHANG B L, SHAN C, WANG S, et al. Unveiling the transformation of dissolved organic matter during ozonation of municipal secondary effluent based on FT-ICR-MS and spectral analysis[J]. Water Research, 2021, 188: 116484. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116484 [19] HU H D, ZHU B Y, HAN L Q, et al. Effect of carrier filling ratios on dissolved organic nitrogen removal in integrated fixed-film activated sludge systems treating municipal wastewater[J]. ACS ES& T Engineering, 2021, 1(4): 761-769. [20] DU Y, DENG Y M, LIU Z H, et al. Novel insights into dissolved organic matter processing pathways in a coastal confined aquifer system with the highest known concentration of geogenic ammonium[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021, 55(21): 14676-14688. [21] LIAO K W, HU H D, MA S J, et al. Effect of microbial activity and microbial community structure on the formation of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and bioavailable DON driven by low temperatures[J]. Water Research, 2019, 159: 397-405. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.049 [22] HAMMES F, GOLDSCHMIDT F, VITAL M, et al. Measurement and interpretation of microbial adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) in aquatic environments[J]. Water Research, 2010, 44(13): 3915-3923. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.015 [23] FILIPIČ J, KRAIGHER B, TEPUŠ B, et al. Effects of low-density static magnetic fields on the growth and activities of wastewater bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 120: 225-232. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.023 [24] NIU C, GENG J J, REN H Q, et al. The strengthening effect of a static magnetic field on activated sludge activity at low temperature[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 150: 156-162. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.139 [25] HU H D, MA S J, ZHANG X X, et al. Characteristics of dissolved organic nitrogen in effluent from a biological nitrogen removal process using sludge alkaline fermentation liquid as an external carbon source[J]. Water Research, 2020, 176: 115741. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115741 [26] SCHLOSS PATRICK D, WESTCOTT SARAH L, RYABIN T, et al. Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2009, 75(23): 7537-3541. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01541-09 [27] TANG C, ZHANG X, WANG R, et al. Calcium ions-effect on performance, growth and extracellular nature of microalgal-bacterial symbiosis system treating wastewater[J]. Environmental Research, 2022, 207: 112228. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112228 [28] SATTAYATEWA C, PAGILLA K, PITT P, et al. Organic nitrogen transformations in a 4-stage Bardenpho nitrogen removal plant and bioavailability/biodegradability of effluent DON[J]. Water Research, 2009, 43(18): 4507-16. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.030 [29] LEE S H, YOO B H, KIM S K, et al. Enhancement of struvite purity by re-dissolution of calcium ions in synthetic wastewaters[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 261: 29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.072 [30] 汪杰, 郑芳, 柴文波, 等. 含氮有机物在污水处理过程中的生物转化机制与模型研究进展[J]. 微生物学通报, 2021, 48(5): 1717-1726. doi: 10.13344/j.microbiol.china.200797 [31] CORY R M, MCKNIGHT D M. Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals ubiquitous presence of oxidized and reduced quinones in dissolved organic matter[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(21): 8142-8149. [32] YANG Y Y, TFAILY M M, WILMOTH J L, et al. Molecular characterization of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural runoff and surface waters[J]. Water Research, 2022, 219: 118533. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118533 [33] MCDONOUGH L K, ANDERSEN M S, BEHNKE M I, et al. A new conceptual framework for the transformation of groundwater dissolved organic matter[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13(1): 2153. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29711-9 [34] HUANG H, LIN Y, PENG P, et al. Calcium ion- and rhamnolipid-mediated deposition of soluble matters on biocarriers[J]. Water Research, 2018, 133: 37-46. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.010 [35] BREZONIK P L, PATTERSON J W. Activated sludge ATP: Effects of environmental stress[J]. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 1971, 97(6): 813-824. doi: 10.1061/JSEDAI.0001341 [36] HE S M, MCMAHON K D. ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter’ gene expression in response to dynamic EBPR conditions[J]. The ISME Journal, 2011, 5(2): 329-340. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.127 [37] ZHU L R, WU B C, LIU Y L, et al. Strategy to enhance semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of food waste by combined use of calcium peroxide and magnetite[J]. Water Research, 2022, 221: 118801. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118801 [38] HAN Z S, TIAN J Y, LIANG H, et al. Measuring the activity of heterotrophic microorganism in membrane bioreactor for drinking water treatment[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 130: 136-143. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.151 [39] LI K, QIAN J, WANG P F, et al. Toxicity of three crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles in activated sludge: bacterial cell death modes differentially weaken sludge dewaterability[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(8): 4542-4555. [40] 张兰河, 王佳平, 陈子成, 等. Ca2+对序批式生物反应器活性污泥性能的影响[J]. 化工进展, 2018, 37(9): 3675-3681. [41] 张兰河, 赵倩男, 张海丰, 等. Ca2+对污泥硝化活性和絮凝沉降性能的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(9): 4160-4168. [42] MA S J, DING L L, HUANG H, et al. Effects of DO levels on surface force, cell membrane properties and microbial community dynamics of activated sludge[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 214: 645-652. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.132 [43] LOFFELD B, KEWELOH H. cis/trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids as possible control mechanism of membrane fluidity inPseudomonas putida P8[J]. Lipids, 1996, 31(8): 811-815. doi: 10.1007/BF02522976 [44] MURATA N, LOS D A. Membrane fluidity and temperature perception[J]. Plant Physiol, 1997, 115(3): 875-879. doi: 10.1104/pp.115.3.875 [45] MA S J, DING L L, HU H D, et al. Cell membrane characteristics and microbial population distribution of MBBR and IFAS with different dissolved oxygen concentration[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 265: 17-24. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.111 [46] RAMOS J L, DUQUE E, GALLEGOS M-T, et al. Mechanisms of solvent tolerance in gram-negative bacteria[J]. Annual Review of Microbiology, 2002, 56(1): 743-768. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.161038 [47] GARCíA A, VALENZUELA E I, VARGAS A, et al. Wastewater treatment potential, light penetration profile and biomass settling performance of a photo-sequencing batch reactor[J]. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2023, 98(2): 346-356.