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混凝作为给水处理的核心环节,在显著去除水中杂质的同时,不可避免地产生大量副产物——污泥。据统计,我国自来水厂每年约产生1 500~2 400 KT干污泥[1]。净水污泥主要由水、悬浮固体、有机物和铝或铁的金属氧化物组成[2],部分污泥还含有微生物和消毒副产物前驱物[3]。常见的污泥处理方式通常是填埋或排放至周边水域,虽然具有处理成本的优势,但会污染周围的土壤、水体[4]。而污泥回流工艺可以通过回用净水污泥来增加原水中颗粒物含量,加快絮凝进程,不仅能减少污泥排放量,还能节约混凝药剂[5],是目前解决污泥再利用问题的研究重点。
近年来,国内外学者对污泥回流控制进行了深入的研究。童祯恭等[6]发现,污泥回流比控制在2%时,出水的Al、Fe和Mn含量均无累积,回流比控制在4%时就能防止细菌和粪大肠菌群数过快增长。CHUN KANG等[7]通过响应面法得到最佳污泥回流运行条件,当污泥投加量为1 588 mg·L−1时,出水效果最好。实际影响混凝效果的是污泥回流后水体杂质,而原水水质波动会引起回流污泥性质的变化,以相同污泥回流量或回流比进行回流并不能达到相同的混凝效果。因此本研究尝试将污泥回流后的水体浊度作为运行控制指标,并对其进行优化。
此外,污泥回流强化混凝效能的影响因素也是研究的重点。ABHULASH等[8]研究发现在pH值为9、混凝剂剂量为4.2 mg·L−1时,污泥回流效果最好。DAYARATHEN等[9]研究发现,浊度去除率受温度影响很大,温度过低过高都不利于混凝反应的进行,2 ℃时浊度去除率为83%,20 ℃时升至90%,而40 ℃时又降至78%。除常见的环境因素外,污泥本身的性质也会对混凝效果产生影响,但目前少有针对这方面的研究。
本研究以混合水的浊度为控制指标,研究混合水浊度对混凝效果的影响,同时探究温度、污泥悬浮固体浓度、污泥指数对混凝效果及较优混合水浊度范围的影响,最后应用偏最小二乘法构建污泥回流比同混合水浊度、温度和污泥性质间的关系,以求在不同工况下预测污泥回流比变化趋势,提高混凝效率,为水厂污泥回流工艺运行提供数据参考。
污泥回流调控影响因素探究与模型预测
Investigation and model prediction of factors influencing sludge reflux regulation
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摘要: 为了解影响污泥回流强化混凝效能的影响因素,以水洞沟水库水为研究对象,通过混凝实验模拟不同工况对沉后水质、有机物去除的影响,同时应用偏最小二乘法建立污泥回流比控制模型。结果表明,相较于未回流污泥的原水而言,混合水浊度控制在500~1 000 NTU时,出水浊度最低约为1.2 NTU,CODMn小于1.5 mg·L−1,需要的药剂最少,为30 mg·L−1。混合水浊度继续升高,混凝效果变差。温度升高有利于混凝反应的进行。相对于0~15 ℃而言,15~20 ℃时,出水浊度更低,约为1 NTU。出水CODMn小于1.5 mg·L−1,需要的药剂量最低,为20~25 mg·L−1。此外,可调控的适宜混合水浊度范围较广。混凝效果随着SVI、MLSS的增大,呈现先降低后升高的趋势。当SVI为15~19 mL·g−1,混合水浊度控制在500 NTU时,混凝出水水质较好。当MLSS为55~70 g·L−1,混合水浊度控制在500~1 500 NTU时,混凝出水水质较好。根据以上结果建立的回流比控制模型拟合效果较好 (R2 =0.778,RMSE=1.28),模型能较好地预测回流比变化趋势。本研究结果可为实际污泥回流工艺运行提供参考。Abstract: To clarify the factors that influenced the effect of sludge reflux-enhanced coagulation, this study used the water of Shuidonggou Reservoir as the research. The effects of various working conditions on the post-sedimentation water quality and organic matter removal were simulated by coagulation experiments, while the partial least squares method was applied to establish a control model for the sludge reflux ratio. The experimental results suggested that when the turbidity of the mixed water is controlled between 500 and 1 000 NTU compared to the raw water without refluxed sludge, the turbidity of the effluent was about 1.2 NTU, the CODMn was less than 1.5 mg·L−1, while the minimum required coagulant was 30 mg·L·1. When the turbidity of the mixed water keeps rising, the coagulation effect becomes worse. Besides, the experiments also indicated that temperature rise was conducive to the coagulation reaction. Compared to 0~15 ℃, the lowest turbidity of the effluent was at 15~20 ℃, about 1 NTU. The effluent CODMn was less than 1.5 mg·L−1, and the minimum required coagulant was 20~25 mg·L−1. Furthermore, the turbidity range of suitable mixed water which can be adjusted was more wider. It was found that the coagulation effect showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing with the increase of SVI and MLSS. When the SVI was between 15 and 19 mL·g−1, the mixed water turbidity was controlled in 500 NTU, the effluent quality was good after coagulation. When the MLSS was 55~70 g·L−1, the mixed water turbidity was controlled at 500~1 500 NTU, the effluent quality was good after coagulation. The reflux ratio control model established based on the above results fitted well (R2 =0.778, RMSE=1.28), and the model was able to predict the trend of reflux ratio better. The model can effectively predict the trend of reflux ratio changes. Therefore, the results of this study can provide useful reference data for the operation of the actual sludge reflux process.
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表 1 实验用原水主要特性
Table 1. Characteristics of raw water
pH 温度/
℃浊度/
NTUCODMn/
( mg·L−1)TP/
( mg·L−1)TN/
( mg·L−1)7.9~8.4 −1.5~24.0 1.08~64.00 1.03~5.92 0.01~0.08 0.64~3.90 表 2 方差因子解释情况
Table 2. Explanations of variance factors
潜在因子 X方差 累计X方差 Y方差 累计的Y方差 1 0.485 0.485 0.732 0.732 2 0.207 0.692 0.057 0.774 3 0.200 0.892 0.003 0.775 4 0.104 0.997 0.001 0.775 5 0.003 1 0.001 0.767 表 3 自变量累积投影重要性
Table 3. Cumulative projection importance of independent variables
变量 因子1 因子2 因子3 因子4 因子5 混合水浊度 2.178 2.121 2.120 2.119 2.111 温度 0.441 0.506 0.509 0.509 0.511 MLSS 0.204 0.352 0.356 0.357 0.359 SVI 0.137 0.347 0.347 0.349 0.359 污泥沉降比 0.027 0.033 0.034 0.052 0.161 -
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