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六六六,学名六氯环己烷 (Hexachlorocyclohexane, HCH) ,是典型有机氯农药,在我国的产量占全世界生产总量的33%[1-2]。HCH作为持久性有机污染物 (persistent organic pollutants,POPs) 可通过多种环境介质传播,危害人类健康。目前,我国存在环境中HCH残留量过高的问题,特别是曾经作为农药大量使用的林丹 (γ-HCH) ,在农田、湖泊等环境中存在残留[3-5]。因此,亟需探索HCH在环境中的迁移转化过程的有效解析方法,以制定污染防治策略。
林丹在环境介质中的浓度可能受到吸附、挥发等物理过程的影响,单一的检测数据易造成污染物减少的假象,并不能准确地反映其在环境中的迁移转化过程[6-8]。单体稳定同位素分析技术 (compound-specific isotope analysis,CSIA) 能避免因产物浓度变化和复杂实地环境产生的干扰,弥补传统测试方法的不足,近年来在环境领域的应用中发展较快[9-10]。在有机物降解过程中,一般含轻同位素12C化学键的断键速度快于含重同位素13C的化学键,从而导致底物中13C的富集[11]。重同位素的丰度与轻同位素的丰度值之比为同位素比值。CSIA技术可通过测定并对照反应前后污染物中某元素的同位素比值变化来追踪污染物的来源并解析其在环境中的迁移转化过程[12],为解析有机污染物在环境中的迁移转化过程提供了新思路[9, 13]。
好氧微生物降解是HCH在环境中转化的重要途径。目前,有多达30多种好氧微生物被证实具有降解HCH的能力[14]。然而,这类微生物在降解HCH过程中的同位素分馏特性不明,极大限制了应用稳定同位素技术解析HCH在环境中的迁移转化行为。BASHIR等[15]利用碳同位素分馏特性表征了Sphingobium indicum strain B90A 和Sphingobium japonicum strain UT26对α-HCH和γ-HCH的降解过程,并计算了同位素富集系数ε值。这两种微生物降解α-HCH过程中的ε值分别为−(1.0±0.2) ‰和−(1.6±0.3) ‰,降解γ-HCH过程中的ε值分别为−(1.5±0.1) ‰和−(1.7±0.2) ‰。
基于已经报道的ε值,用式 (1) 计算了地下水中HCH的降解程度 (B%) ,与实测结果进行对照,发现部分采样点的计算结果与实际测试值并不相符[10, 16]。
式 (1) 表明,污染物降解程度评估的准确性取决于ε值,然而,已见报道的ε值还很有限,限制了技术在解析环境中林丹降解程度以及污染场地修复效果评估中的应用。此外,实际环境中林丹的降解可能由多个微生物共同参与完成,而同一污染场地中不同微生物降解林丹过程中的同位素分馏特性是否相同亦为制约CSIA技术应用的关键,故尚需开展进一步研究。
以3种从同一污染场地分离纯化获取的好氧微生物S. quisquiliarum P25、S. ummariense RL-3和Sphingobium sp. F2为研究对象[17-19],对比分析其降解林丹过程中的降解动力学特性、单体稳定同位素分馏效应、二维稳定同位素分馏及表观动力学同位素特性。拟揭示不同好氧微生物在降解HCH过程中的同位素分馏特性,并基于二维同位素分析,解析不同微生物降解林丹过程中同位素分馏特性的差异。以期为建立模型解析实际环境中HCH的迁移转化过程提供重要参考值,为应用CSIA评估林丹污染场地修复效果的实际应用提供数据基础。
好氧微生物降解林丹过程中碳-氯二维稳定同位素的分馏特性
Fractionation characteristics of two-dimensional stable isotopes of carbon-chlorine in the process of Lindane degradation by aerobic microorganisms
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摘要: 六氯环己烷 (HCH) 是一种持久性污染物,环境存量较大时会造成污染,定量研究其在环境中的迁移转化过程具有重要意义。研究了3种好氧微生物Sphingobium quisquiliarum P25、Sphingobium ummariense RL-3和Sphingobium sp. F2降解γ-HCH (林丹) 的过程,应用单体稳定同位素分析技术 (CSIA) 探究了不同微生物对HCH的降解效果,及其对HCH转化与迁移行为的影响。结果表明:1) 3种微生物降解γ-HCH的过程符合一级反应动力学原理;2) 降解过程中碳分馏系数 (εC) 分别为−(4.3±0.4)‰,−(1.6±0.1) ‰和−(5.7±0.5) ‰,氯同位素分馏系数 (εCl) 分别为−(1.1±0.6) ‰,−(1.5±0.2) ‰和−(1.5±0.4)‰;3) 二维同位素分馏系数 (ΛC-Cl) 分别为(3.0±0.3),(1.1±0.1)和(2.7±0.2)。本研究结果可为应用单体稳定同位素分析技术解析复杂环境中HCH的迁移转化过程并评估HCH污染场地修复效果提供参考。
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关键词:
- 同位素分馏 /
- 好氧微生物 /
- 六氯环己烷(六六六) /
- 单体稳定同位素分析技术(CSIA)
Abstract: Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is a persistent pollutant that causes pollution in large quantities in the environment, it is very important to quantitatively study its migration and transformation process in the environment. The degradation process of γ-HCH (Lindan) by three aerobic microorganisms, Sphingobium quisquiliarum P25, Sphingobium ummariense RL-3 and Sphingobium sp. F2 were studied. Monomer stable isotope analysis (CSIA) was used to investigate the degradation of HCH by different microorganisms and their effects on the transformation and migration of HCH. The results showed that the degradation of γ-HCH by three kinds of microorganisms was consistent with the principle of first-order reaction kinetics. Carbon fractionation coefficient (εC) was −(4.3±0.4)‰, −(1.6±0.1)‰ and −(5.7±0.5)‰, respectively. Chlorine isotope fractionation coefficient (εCl) was − (1.1±0.6) ‰, − (1.5±0.2) ‰, and −(1.5±0.4)‰, respectively. Two-dimensional isotope fractionation coefficients (ΛC-Cl) was (3.0±0.3), (1.1±0.1) and (2.7±0.2), respectively, The results of this study can provide a reference for the application of monomer stable isotope analysis technology to analyze the migration and transformation process of HCH in complex environments and evaluate the restoration effect of HCH contaminated sites. -
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