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传统脱氮除磷工艺受其自身限制及城市污水C/N低的特点,面临着脱氮除磷和节能降耗困难的两大难题[1]。其根本原因在于脱氮功能菌和除磷功能菌对碳源的竞争及污泥管理的矛盾[2]。因此,亟需从脱氮除磷功能菌群等微生物管理入手,解决碳源竞争和运行能耗高等问题,实现污水处理节能减排,创造更大的社会效益和经济效益,助力实现“双碳”目标。
短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化 (partial nitrification/anammox,PN/A) 工艺是具有应用前景的节能节碳自养脱氮工艺,相对于传统的硝化反硝化脱氮工艺,可节约100%碳源消耗量、60%能耗,减少80%污泥产量[3-4]。其成功运行的关键在于保障稳定的短程硝化过程,从而实现稳定的NO2−来源。目前,anammox工艺已广泛应用于剩余污泥厌氧消化液等高氨氮浓度污水脱氮处理[5-6]。2010年以来,国内外学者致力于主流anammox工艺的研究及应用[7-8]。但由于城市污水有机物浓度较高、氨氮较低、水温较低,anammox的主流应用面临巨大挑战,极大限制了主流anammox工艺广泛应用。强化生物除磷 (enhanced biological phosphorus removal,EBPR) 是应用最广泛、最经济的除磷工艺[9-10]。PN/A自养脱氮和EBPR生物除磷过程的耦合可使污水中的碳源全部流向除磷过程,避免脱氮除磷功能菌因碳源不足产生竞争,同时降低污水处理所需的能耗,以节省能耗、同步脱氮除磷、提高去除效率、减少污泥产量,为城市污水主流anammox组合除磷工艺的推广应用提供新思路[11]。
YANG等[12]分别在2个序批式反应器 (sequencing batch reactor, SBR) 中运行EBPR和PN/A工艺。YUAN等[11, 13-14]将EBPR和PN过程耦合于SBR 1反应器中,SBR 1出水随即进入SBR 2反应器进行anammox脱氮反应。由于难以控制进行anammox反应的氨氮和亚硝氮比例,该工艺在实际应用中受到限制。亦有研究者利用反硝化除磷菌将硝氮还原为亚硝氮的过程,提出反硝化除磷耦合anammox工艺,利用反硝化除磷反应实现亚硝氮的积累,为后续的anammox过程提供基质[15-17]。然而分体式整体工艺结构和操作复杂,难以有效推广应用。HUANG等[18]在一体式生物膜反应器内将EBPR和PN/A工艺耦合处理养猪废水厌氧消化上清液,在30 ℃高温条件下,利用聚磷菌将外源有机物转化为内源有机物 (polyhydroxyalkanoate, PHA) ,强化碳源利用的有效性,利用高浓度氨氮形成的FA抑制NOB,为anammox菌提供基质,保证anammox菌的活性,从而达到提高同步脱氮除磷效率的目的。
然而,一体式反应器在低氨氮浓度、低温的城市污水脱氮除磷中的应用仍需进一步探索。为此,本研究利用SBR反应器,将PN/A与EBPR工艺相结合,处理实际低C/N污水,考察其运行效果、功能菌活性变化和相对丰度变化等,为低C/N城市污水的高效、低耗、可持续、稳定脱氮除磷工艺的开发和调控提供新的方法和思路,以期为脱氮除磷技术的工程应用提供参考。
一体式PN/A耦合EBPR工艺高效低耗处理实际低C/N主流城市污水
Integrated PN/A and EBPR process for real low C/N mainstream municipal wastewater treatment
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摘要: 针对低C/N城市污水脱氮除磷因碳源不足存在能耗、药耗高以及脱氮除磷效率低等问题,开发一体式短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化 (PN/A) 耦合强化生物除磷工艺 (EBPR) ,以降低碳源消耗和能耗、提高脱氮除磷效率,从而实现高效低耗减污降碳。通过构建悬浮污泥和生物膜共存的混合系统,采用厌氧-好氧运行模式以及间歇曝气,考察短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化与强化生物除磷过程的耦合效果。结果表明,反应器能长期稳定运行,出水总无机氮 (TIN) 质量浓度稳定低于4 mg·L−1,溶解态磷 (DP) 质量浓度约0.2 mg·L−1,TIN平均去除率大于90%,DP的平均去除率大于85%,平均脱氮负荷为53 mg·(g·d)−1,强化间歇曝气能够在系统内实现NOB抑制,亚硝氮积累率可达60%以上,甚至100%。控制悬浮污泥好氧污泥龄为3.5 d,NOB由悬浮污泥向填料转移。由于生物膜传质受限,系统的亚硝氮积累率并未受到影响。该系统内厌氧氨氧化活性提高了5倍,厌氧氨氧化菌以Candidatus Brocadia为主,相对丰度为1.1%,较主流条件下提高了2.75倍。本研究结果证实了主流条件下厌氧氨氧化与传统脱氮除磷工艺耦合的可行性,这表明此耦合工艺具备更好应对水质波动的能力,能保证稳定良好的出水水质。该案例可为低C/N城市污水实现高效低耗减污降碳的脱氮除磷提供参考。Abstract: An integrated partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) coupled with enhanced biological phosphorus removal process (EBPR) has been developed to decrease carbon source consumption and energy consumption, as well as improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency, in response to the problems of energy consumption, high drug consumption, and low efficiency in nitrogen and phosphorus removal of low C/N municipal wastewater due to insufficient carbon source. The operation efficiency of the integrated process was investigated by stablishing a mixed system comprising suspended sludge and biofilm and employing anaerobic-aerobic operation mode and intermittent aeration strategy. The results showed that the reactor operated stably in a long term, with a total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) concentration lower than 4 mg·L−1 and a phosphorus concentration of 0.2 mg·L−1 in the effluent. The average TIN removal efficiency was above 90%, the average P removal rate was over 85%, and the average nitrogen removal rate was 53 mg·(gVSS·d)−1. With enhanced intermittent aeration, nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB) can be well suppressed in the system and the rate of nitrite nitrogen accumulation reached up to 60% or even 100%. After adopting a tight aerobic sludge age (3.5 days) control for suspended sludge, NOB started to move from suspended sludge to biofilm, however, the accumulation rate of nitrite was unaffected due to the restriction of biofilm mass transfer. The specific anaerobic ammonia oxidation activity in this system has increased by 5 times. Candidatus Brocadia was the dominant anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria genus with a relative abundance of 1.1%, which is 2.75 times greater than under mainstream conditions. This work demonstrated the feasibility of cooperation of PN/A and EBPR for low C/N municipal wastewater treatment. This process has a good ability to cope with quality fluctuations and ensures a stable operation.
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