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随着我国城市污水处理能力的日益提升,污水处理厂的污泥量也急剧增加。目前,常用的污泥脱水技术包括机械脱水 (如离心脱水或带式压滤) 或热干化处理,多数企业采用添加絮凝药剂的方式以提升污泥脱水效果。也有研究采用高温水热处理[1]、超声波辅助[2]、聚季铵盐调理[3]、添加酸碱或强氧化性试剂[4-6]等技术以促进污泥絮体中胞外聚合物EPS水解,从而改变污泥中水分分布并减少污泥束缚水含量,以最终提高污泥过滤与脱水性能。受制于工艺运行成本、工程应用成熟度等因素影响,该类技术尚未在污泥脱水方面得以大规模推广应用。
生物干化技术最早应用于牛粪干燥处理,后来逐渐拓展到城市生活垃圾、餐厨垃圾等水分蒸发或有机质稳定化处理[7]。采用生物干化技术处理湿有机质废物时,微生物利用易降解有机物进行好氧代谢,释放的生物热维持堆体的自热高温状态,结合强制通风可实现水分的快速蒸发与去除,整个干化进程受到微生物好氧发酵和强制通风2类因素的共同影响[8]。湿污泥脱水处理时,生物干化、热干化、太阳能干化3种工艺技术的单位热耗量分别为178.12、2 800~3 800、90~108 kJ·kg−1水,生物干化的脱水能耗仅为热干化工艺的5%~6%,却是太阳能干化工艺的1.7~2.0倍。但太阳能干化处理效果受天气和季节性影响较大、占地面积大等因素约束,工程实践并不多见[9]。污泥生物干化具有无需外加热源、水分去除较快、运行成本低等特征,该技术在污泥脱水处理方面日益受到关注。研究表明,物料特性、通风速率、发酵温度等工艺条件明显影响污泥干化效果,采用预处理、干化产物接种等措施可强化生物干化进程[9-10]。污水厂污泥具有成分复杂、高粘高湿、富含亲水物质等典型特征,给生物干化进程带来了明显不利影响[6]。因此,亟待深入拓展污水处理厂污泥高效脱水的基础研究工作,优化污泥生物干化工艺技术参数,深化干化进程有机质代谢与水热平衡分析,探究水分去除作用机制并对生物干化进程予以调控。
本研究以中高海拨地区污水处理厂脱水污泥为对象进行生物干化处理,优化了干化进程的典型工艺条件,根据堆体含水率、温度变化、有机质转化及代谢等指标阐明了污泥干化进程的特性,并对污泥干化产物的后续利用进行了评价分析,研究成果可为污水厂污泥处理处置及资源化利用提供理论与技术支撑。
剩余污泥生物干化处理及产物土地利用潜力
The treatment of biological drying for dewatered excess sludge and the potential of land utilization for the products
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摘要: 以昆明地区污水处理厂脱水污泥为对象进行生物干化处理,考察了典型工况条件下污泥干化处理效果,探究了微生物活性及其有机质代谢,并对干化处理产物的土地利用潜力进行了评价分析。结果表明,采用污水厂脱水污泥进行处理时,混合物料初始含水率以65%左右较为适宜,采用底部间歇曝气+顶部间歇抽风的通风方式,堆体自热升温至60 ℃以上,高温期持续时间长达30 h;干化处理120 h时,含水率降低至50%以下,水分净去除率达到16%。干化进程中,混合料中DOC质量浓度呈降低趋势,但SCFAs组分及其浓度波动明显。伴随着堆体温度的变化,常温、中温或嗜热微生物发生更替,微生物活性及其生化代谢差异明显。干化产物中可溶性磷以及氮钾质量分数均较高,重金属Cd、As、Hg满足GB4284-2018 B级标准限值,Cr、Pb等其他重金属质量浓度满足A级标准限值,种子发芽指数GI值高达90%,污泥干化产物具备园林绿化、矿山修复等方面土地利用前景。本研究结果可为污水厂污泥处理处置及资源化利用提供参考。Abstract: Biological drying was employed to treat the dewatered excess sludge derived from sewage treatment plants in Kunming. The effects of sludge biodrying were investigated under typical parameters, the microbial activity and substrate metabolism were elucidated, and then the potential of land utilization for the drying products was analyzed. The results showed that when the dewatered sludge from sewage plant was used for treatment, the optimum moisture content of the mixed materials was about 65%, the mode of ventilation was intermittent bottom aeration combined with intermittent top suction, and the stack was self-heated to above 60 ℃, the period of thermophilic condition lasted for 30 h. After biodrying treatment for 120 h, the moisture content was reduced to less than 50%, and the water removal reached 16%. During the biodrying process, the content of DOC in the mixture presented downward trend, but the SCFAs and its concentration fluctuated significantly. As the temperature of the bioreactor changed, mesophilic or thermophilic microorganisms varied correspondingly, and the microbial activities and biochemical metabolism exhibited significantly different. For the drying products, the contents of soluble phosphorus and other nutrient elements such as nitrogen and potassium are abundant, the heavy metals Cd, As and Hg can meet the requirements stipulated by class B biosolids in GB4284-2018, and the other heavy metals such as Cr and Pb meet the standard of class A biosolids, and the seed germination index GI is up to 90%. The products after biodrying present the prospect of land utilization in garden landscaping, mine restoration and other aspects. The results can provide valuable supports for sludge disposal and land utilization.
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Key words:
- dewatered excess sludge /
- biological drying /
- moisture removal /
- land utilization
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表 1 实验所用3类污泥的物化指标
Table 1. Typical physico-chemical index of three types of sludge in the batch experiment
污泥种类 含水率/ % VS/% 干基碳/% pH 铝/(g·kg−1) 污泥状态 W1厂脱水污泥 81.1 10.4 21.6 7.5 69.8 新鲜污泥 W2厂脱水污泥 82.3 9.4 18.9 7.7 78.3 新鲜污泥 W3厂脱水污泥 83.1 8.8 15.3 8.7 68.3 陈旧污泥 (堆存120 d) 表 2 R1体系不同温度阶段活菌和死菌荧光强度及比例变化
Table 2. Fluorescence intensities and ratio of live and dead bacteria at different temperature stages for R1 system
温度阶段 细菌荧光强度 活死菌比例/% 活菌 死菌 活菌 死菌 初始阶段 (20.5 ℃,0 h) 90.5 255 26.2 73.8 最高温阶段 (59.2 ℃,31 h) 39.4 35.7 52.5 47.5 结束阶段 (16 ℃,120 h) 54.2 35.1 60.7 39.3 表 3 污泥干化产物重金属质量浓度
Table 3. Heavy metal content of sludge drying products
mg·m−3 产品或
标准组别或
限值级别As Cr Cu Cd Zn Pb Ni Hg 干化产物
(120 h)R1 61.7 306 198 14.6 888 52.6 44.7 3.7 R2 36.1 184 132 2.4 521 37.5 38.6 2.1 R3 47.9 247 142 2.3 555 22.5 33.4 3.1 GB4284-2018[20] A级 30 500 500 3 1 200 300 100 3 B级 75 1 000 1 500 15 3 000 1 000 200 15 -
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