-
随着我国城市化进程的加速,产生的城镇污水逐渐增加,导致污水处理之后产生的污泥量也大幅提升。据统计,至2 020年底,我国城镇污泥的排放量达到了5 130×104 t (以含水率80%计) [1],预计到2025年底,全国污泥的产量大约在9 000×104 t左右 (以含水率80%计) [2]。这些污泥不仅量多,而且含水率高,还含有较高浓度的有机物。若不对污泥进行处理而排入环境中,会对环境产生二次污染,危害人体健康,且国内关于污泥的最终处理处置的方式要求污泥的含水率小于60%[3],然而由于污泥EPS中蛋白多糖通过氢键等作用力使得部分水分与EPS结合,导致传统的污泥脱水技术只能将含水率降到80%左右[4-5],因此对污泥调理降低其含水率是污泥减量化以及处置的必不可少的一环。
絮凝剂调理由于其价格低廉和调理效果好在污泥调理领域使用较为广泛[6]。目前使用最多的絮凝剂是无机高分子絮凝剂和有机高分子絮凝剂。最常见的无机高分子絮凝剂是聚合氯化铝 (PAC),CAO等[7]合成了不同种类PAC,并将其调理污泥之后认为,Alb (中等聚合态铝) 和Alc (高度聚合态铝) 比Ala (单体铝或低聚合态铝) 更稳定且带的正电荷更多,其形成的絮体强度更高,污泥调理效果更好。有机高分子絮凝剂主要是聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM) ,邹鹏等[8]比较了壳聚糖和阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺 (CPAM) 对污泥脱水性能的影响,结果表明CPAM对污泥的絮凝效果比壳聚糖好。微生物絮凝剂和复合絮凝剂也逐渐加入了污泥调理,LEE等[9]从秋葵中提取出了一种生物絮凝剂,发现当其用量为商业絮凝剂的2倍时,2者脱水性能相当;WEI[10]等将3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基铵氯化物 (CTA) 接枝到淀粉上获得了6种不同聚合度的淀粉基絮凝剂,调理污泥后发现电荷密度越高的絮凝剂电中和及吸附架桥能力越强,脱水效果更好。
然而,不同的絮凝剂也有着各自的缺点。无机絮凝剂虽然价格便宜,但是会导致污泥量增加,泥饼和滤液中铁铝等金属含量增加且脱水性能受pH影响较大;有机絮凝剂价格比无机絮凝剂高,生物毒性未知[11- 12]。聚合硅酸铝絮凝剂作为一种复合絮凝剂,同时结合了铝盐的电中和能力和聚硅酸的吸附架桥功能,受pH影响小、价格低廉、且研究证明聚硅酸用于污水混凝处理时效果好,在污水处理方面具有良好的前景[13-14]。但是,有关将其改性作为絮凝剂用于污泥脱水方面的研究却不多见。
本研究以硅酸钠和十八水硫酸铝为原材料,通过共聚反应制得了PASS。以某市市政厌氧污水厂剩余污泥为研究对象,探讨了不同PASS投量对污泥脱水性能的影响,包括SRF和CST;同时,研究了不同投量下污泥EPS中蛋白多糖的变化,结合污泥的脱水效果,深入分析了影响污泥脱水的因素。
聚硅酸硫酸铝强化污水厂污泥脱水效能
Effectiveness and feasibility of enhanced sludge dewatering in wastewater plants with PASS
-
摘要: 以硅酸盐和铝盐为原料,通过共聚反应制备了2种Si/Al摩尔比的聚硅酸硫酸铝 (PASS) 絮凝剂。以某市政污水厂污泥为研究对象,比较了PAC和PASS调理后污泥比阻 (SRF) 、毛细吸水时间 (CST) 和泥饼含水率,并分析了胞外聚合物 (EPS) 的蛋白和多糖变化规律分析。结果表明,PASS能够有效的降低SRF、CST和泥饼含水率,且PASS的Si/Al摩尔比为1∶1时,脱水效果最好。经过PASS以及PAC调理后,溶解性EPS (SEPS) 和松散附着EPS (LBEPS) 的蛋白多糖的含量均有下降,而PAC调理后紧密附着层EPS (TBEPS) 下降,PASS调理后却存在上升阶段。通过污泥扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 发现,污泥絮体表面由光滑、均匀分布变成了粗糙多孔,且Si/Al摩尔比为1∶1时孔隙率及孔径最大。SEPS和LBEPS蛋白多糖与CST和SRF具有正相关性。所制PASS的不计动力和设备损耗的工程成本比PAC要低。本研究结果可为PASS用于污泥脱水提供参考。Abstract: Two Si/Al molar ratios PASS flocculants were prepared by copolymerization reaction with silicate and aluminium salts. The sludge specific resistance (SRF), capillary suction time (CST) and moisture content of sludge cake after flocculating with PAC and PASS were compared, and the changes of protein and polysaccharide of extracellular polymers (EPS) was analyzed. The results showed that PASS could effectively reduce SRF, CST and moisture content of sludge cake, and the best dewatering effect was achieved when the Si/Al molar ratio was 1:1. The contents of protein and polysaccharide in soluble EPS (SEPS) and loosely bound layer EPS (LBEPS) reduced after PASS and PAC flocculation. The contents in tightly bound EPS (TBEPS) also decreased after PAC conditioning, but after PASS conditioning, the contents exerted an increasing trend. The sludge scanning electron microscope (SEM) image revealed that the sludge floc changed from smooth and uniform distribution to rough and porous, and the porosity and pore size reached the maximum at Si/Al molar ratio of 1:1. Additionally, correlation analysis concluded that protein and polysaccharide in SEPS and LBEPS were positively correlated with CST and SRF. Finally, as to economic evaluation, it is found that the cost of PASS without power and equipment considerations was lower than that of PAC, which laid the engineering significance for the application of PASS for sludge dewatering.
-
Key words:
- PASS /
- EPS /
- sludge dewatering /
- dewatering performance /
- correlation analysis
-
表 1 原始污泥的性质
Table 1. Properties of raw sludge
含水率/% SRF/(×1012 m·kg−1) pH TSS/(g·L−1) CST/s TOC/(mg·L−1) 94.31±0.025 0.958±0.06 7.71±0.02 56.95±0.25 954±9.3 2 336±14 表 2 制备PASS所需的工业级药剂的单价
Table 2. The unit price of the industrial-grade agent required to prepare PASS
药剂 价格/ (元∙t-1) 硫酸 1 200 九水硅酸钠 2 000 十八水硫酸铝 800 聚合氯化铝 2 400 表 3 不同Si/Al摩尔比的PASS的价格核算
Table 3. Price calculation of PASS with different Si/Al molar ratio
元∙t−1 (以制备1 t PASS计) 絮凝剂 硫酸 九水硅酸钠 十八水硫酸铝 1∶1 PASS 133 1 262 593 1∶2 PASS 93 888 833 注:未包括机械和电力损耗。 -
[1] 肖琼, 赵喜亮, 傅涛. 中国污泥处理处置行业市场分析报告[R]. 中国水网/中国固废网研究, 2020. [2] 戴晓虎. 我国污泥处理处置现状及发展趋势[J]. 科学, 2020, 72(6): 30-34. [3] 郑志坤. 城市污泥处置方法的研究及建议[C]//以供给侧结构性改革引领能源转型与创新—第十三届长三角能源论坛论文集. 中国浙江杭州: 2016: 168-172. [4] 董立文, 张鹤清, 汪诚文, 等. 造纸污泥的电渗透脱水效果[J]. 环境工程学报. 2012, 6(11): 4185-4190. [5] 王杰, 陈钰, 赵玉婷, 等. 芬顿氧化钙体系联合DDBAC对污泥脱水性能的影响[J]. 环境工程学报, 2021, 15(4): 1424-1431. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.202009033 [6] WEI H, GAO B Q, REN J, et al. Coagulation/flocculation in dewatering of sludge: A review[J]. Water Research, 2018, 143: 608-631. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.029 [7] CAO B D, ZHANG W J, Wang Q D, et al. Wastewater sludge dewaterability enhancement using hydroxyl aluminum conditioning: Role of aluminum speciation[J]. Water Research, 2016, 105: 615-624. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.016 [8] 邹鹏, 宋碧玉, 王琼. 壳聚糖絮凝剂的投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响[J]. 工业水处理, 2005, 25(5): 35-37. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-829X.2005.05.010 [9] LEE C S, CHONG M F, ROBINSON J, et al. Optimisation of extraction and sludge dewatering efficiencies of bio-flocculants extracted from Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2015, 157: 320-325. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.028 [10] WEI H, REN J, LI A M, et al. Sludge dewaterability of a starch-based flocculant and its combined usage with ferric chloride[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal[J], 2018, 349: 737-747. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.05.151 [11] 王鑫, 易龙生, 王浩. 污泥脱水絮凝剂研究与发展趋势[J]. 给水排水, 2012, 48(S1): 155-159. doi: 10.13789/j.cnki.wwe1964.2012.s1.047 [12] 田玲, 何芳. 无 机高分子絮凝剂的研究进展[J]. 化工设计通讯, 2016, 42(5): 143. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6490.2016.05.112 [13] 江露英, 刘红, 朱小丽, 等. 聚硅酸金属盐复合絮凝剂形貌结构及性能研究[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2013, 36(6): 128-133. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2013.06.025 [14] 李剑锋, 刘信源, 孙慧芳, 等. 聚硅酸盐类絮凝剂改性及在水处理中的应用研究进展[J]. 水处理技术, 2016, 42(7): 12-16. doi: 10.16796/j.cnki.1000-3770.2016.07.003 [15] MA J, WANG R N, WANG X Y, et al. Drinking water treatment by stepwise flocculation using polysilicate aluminum magnesium and cationic polyacrylamide[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2019, 7(3): 103049. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2019.103049 [16] ZHANG W J, CAO B D, WANG D S, et al. Influence of wastewater sludge treatment using combined peroxyacetic acid oxidation and inorganic coagulants re-flocculation on characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)[J]. Water Research, 2016, 88: 728-739. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.049 [17] BRADFORD M M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding[J]. Analytical Biochemistry, 1976, 72(1): 248-254. [18] FROLUND B, PALMGREN R, KEIDING K, et al. Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin[J]. Water Research, 1996, 30(8): 1749-1758. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00323-1 [19] 熊丽丽, 高丽, 秦冬玲, 等. 聚硅酸铝、聚硅酸铁和聚硅酸铝铁的制备及离子残留分析[J]. 南京工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 39(4): 150-156. [20] YANG S, LI W, ZHANG H J, et al. Treatment of paper mill wastewater using a composite inorganic coagulant prepared from steel mill waste pickling liquor[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2019, 209: 238-245. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.07.049 [21] LI J F, LIU X Y, CHENG F Q. Bio-refractory organics removal and floc characteristics of poly-silicic-cation coagulants in tertiary-treatment of coking wastewater[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 324: 10-18. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.142 [22] 高丽, 熊丽丽, 朱超, 等. 硅溶胶-聚硅酸铝锌复合絮凝剂的制备及应用[J]. 南京工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 40(2): 65-70. [23] HU P, ZHUNG S H, SHEN S H, et al. Dewaterability of sewage sludge conditioned with a graft cationic starch-based flocculant: Role of structural characteristics of flocculant[J]. Water Research, 2021, 189: 116578. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116578 [24] SUN T, SUN C H, ZHU G L, et al. Preparation and coagulation performance of poly-ferric-aluminum-silicate-sulfate from fly ash[J]. Desalination, 2011, 268(1-3): 270-275. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2010.10.023 [25] 高宝玉, 刘总纲, 岳钦艳. 聚合硅酸硫酸铝溶液中铝的形态分布及转化规律[J]. 环境化学, 2004(2): 208-212. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0254-6108.2004.02.017 [26] LI L X, PENG C, DENG L H, et al. Understanding the synergistic mechanism of PAM-FeCl3 for improved sludge dewaterability[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2022, 301: 113926. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113926 [27] LIN Q T, PENG H L, ZHONG S X, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and secondary sludge dewatering performance of a novel combined silicon-aluminum-iron-starch flocculant[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015, 285: 199-206. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.005 [28] 周俊, 周立祥, 黄焕忠. 污泥胞外聚合物的提取方法及其对污泥脱水性能的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2013, 34(7): 2752-2757. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.2013.07.056 [29] YANG P, LI D D, ZHANG W J, et al. Flocculation-dewatering behavior of waste activated sludge particles under chemical conditioning with inorganic polymer flocculant: Effects of typical sludge properties[J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 218: 930-940. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.169 [30] WANG H F, HU H, WANG H J, et al. Impact of dosing order of the coagulant and flocculant on sludge dewatering performance during the conditioning process[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2018, 643: 1065-1073. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.161 [31] QIAN X, WANG Y L, ZHENG H L. Migration and distribution of water and organic matter for activated sludge during coupling magnetic conditioning-horizontal electro-dewatering (CM-HED)[J]. Water Research, 2016, 88: 93-103. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.001 [32] PENG H L, ZHONG S X, XIANG J X, et al. Characterization and secondary sludge dewatering performance of a novel combined aluminum-ferrous-starch flocculant (CAFS)[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2017, 173: 335-345. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.08.005