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磷在生态系统中起着重要作用,是生物生长的重要元素之一[1],但也是水体污染的主要控制指标之一,其被认为是导致湖泊和水库富营养化的关键因素[2]。水体中高浓度的磷含量会导致水生植物疯长,从而消耗水体中的溶解氧,导致水质恶化,水生生物死亡。从废水中吸附和回收磷是解决磷污染和磷短缺的重要思路。在众多除磷方法中,吸附法由于其高效、环保、方便、价格低廉等优势而受到广泛关注。生物炭具有丰富的孔隙率和高比表面积,并且表面含有丰富的官能团[3],将其作为吸附剂吸附污水中的磷成为当下的研究热点。
随着我国城市化进程的推进,污水处理厂市政污泥产量急剧上升[4]。市政污泥作为污水处理过程中产生的一种半固体副产物[5],存在土地占用、二恶英和温室气体排放等问题[6],制约着我国生态环境建设。污泥资源化成为当下亟待解决的问题,污泥热解制备生物炭成为实现污泥资源化的一个突破口。然而,由于污泥中碳(C)含量较低,与纤维素或木质素为原料的生物炭相比,污泥生物炭存在比表面积低、孔隙结构差以及重金属含量高等问题,这都会限制污泥生物炭的实际应用[7]。酒糟作为酿酒过程中的固体废物,产量大,有机质含量高,处理成本高,如果没能得到适当的处理,很容易腐烂[8],造成资源浪费。所以酒糟作为碳源与污泥共热解制备生物炭不仅提高了生物炭的比表面积和孔隙结构,还能固定污泥中重金属,降低重金属释放风险。
镧(La)基化合物与磷酸盐具有高度亲和力[9],在磷吸附方面引起越来越多的关注。目前的La载体有生物炭[10]、多孔沸石[11]、碳纳米管[12]等材料。但生物炭表面通常带有负电荷,导致其对阴离子的吸附能力较差[13],通过负载La到生物炭表面以减少表面负电荷,降低生物炭与磷酸盐之间的排斥力,提高生物炭对磷的吸附效果。LIAO[14]等制备了La(OH)3改性菠萝生物炭,磷吸附量达到101.16 mg·g−1,相比于未负载La的生物炭提升近27倍。WANG等将La负载到橡木锯末生物炭上,负载La前后磷吸附量由10.33 mg·g−1提高到46.52 mg·g−1,提高近4.5倍。因此,本研究通过共沉淀法,以酒糟污泥生物炭为载体,将对磷具有高亲和度的La负载到生物炭表面,实现高磷酸盐吸附能力和高回收率,并探究镧改性酒糟污泥生物炭的吸附过程和吸附机理。
载镧酒糟污泥生物炭对磷的吸附性能及机理
Fabrication of La-LBCZ composites for phosphate removal: Adsorption performance and mechanism
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摘要: 为实现市政污泥的无害化和资源化利用,以酒糟和市政污泥为原料热解制备酒糟污泥生物炭(LBCZ),采用共沉淀法将镧(La)负载到LBCZ表面制得La改性酒糟污泥生物炭(La-LBCZ),探究了改性剂浓度、La-LBCZ投加量、溶液初始pH和共存离子对La-LBCZ吸附磷的影响,使用SEM-EDS、BET、XRD、FTIR和XPS等表征手段分析了吸附机理。结果表明:改性剂浓度为0.1 mol·L−1时La-LBCZ对磷的吸附效果最好(吸附量为68.32 mg·g−1),为改性前的6倍;吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,为单分子层表面的化学吸附。此外,生物炭孔隙结构不发达,La以氢氧化物形态负载到生物炭表面,络合反应是其主要的吸附机理。在吸附-脱附实验中,La-LBCZ经过5次循环后吸附量为61.2 mg·g−1,吸附率为87.79%,脱附量为52.65 mg·g−1,脱附率为75.52%,说明其具有良好的循环性能和磷回收性能。Abstract: In order to realize the harmless and resource utilization of municipal sludge, distiller's grains-sludge based biochar (LBCZ) was prepared by pyrolysis of distiller's grains and municipal sludge. La-modified distiller's grains-sludge based biochar (La-LBCZ) was prepared by coprecipitating lanthanum (La) onto the surface of LBCZ. The effects of modifier concentration, La-LBCZ dosage, initial solution pH, and coexisting ions on phosphorus adsorption by La-LBCZ were investigated. The corresponding adsorption mechanism was exposed by SEM-EDS, BET, XRD, FTIR, and XPS. The results showed that the adsorption effect of La-LBCZ to phosphorus significantly increased (68.32 mg·g−1) at 0.1 mol·L−1 modifier concentration, which was six times that of unmodified biochar. The adsorption behavior of La-LBCZ was consistent with the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model, which indicated that above adsorption was the chemisorption on the monolayer. In addition, the pore structure of biochar was undeveloped, La was loaded on the biochar surface as hydroxides, and complexation reaction was the primary adsorption mechanism. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, La-LBCZ exhibited a good recycling and phosphorus recovery performance, the remained adsorption capacity was 61.2 mg·g−1, the adsorption rate was 87.79%, the desorption capacity was 52.65 mg·g−1, and the desorption rate was 75.52%.
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Key words:
- biochar /
- lanthanum modified /
- municipal sludge /
- phosphorus /
- adsorption /
- desorption
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表 1 La-LBCZ吸附磷的动力学模型拟合参数
Table 1. Fitting parameters of phosphorus adsorption kinetics model on La-LBCZ
初始溶液磷质量浓度/(mg·L−1) 准一级动力学 准二级动力学 k1/(min−1) qe/(mg·g−1) R2 k2/(min−1) qe/(mg·g−1) R2 50 0.023 57.94 0.941 0.001 63.61 0.981 30 0.022 40.25 0.921 0.001 44.04 0.974 10 0.089 16.76 0.939 0.007 18.27 0.981 表 2 La-LBCZ吸附磷的颗粒内扩散模型拟合参数
Table 2. Fitting parameters of intraparticle diffusion model for phosphorus adsorption on La-LBCZ
初始溶液磷质量浓度/(mg·L−1) 第1阶段 第2阶段 第3阶段 kd1/(mg·(g·min0.5)−1) C1 R2 kd2/(mg·(g·min0.5)−1) C2 R2 kd3/(mg·(g·min0.5)−1) C3 R2 50 6.706 −4.63 0.878 1.534 30.09 0.960 0.122 58.78 0.886 30 2.899 4.67 0.957 3.449 22.55 0.958 0.002 42.03 0.983 10 1.582 4.62 0.991 1.013 7.56 0.989 0.001 17.84 0.906 表 3 La-LBCZ的吸附等温模型拟合参数
Table 3. Fitting parameters of adsorption isotherm model on La-LBCZ
温度/ ℃ Langmuir模型 Freundlich模型 qm/(mg·g−1) KL/(L·mg−1) R2 KF/(g·(mg·min)−1) 1/n R2 15 86.95 0.116 0.975 25.676 0.222 0.930 30 91.09 0.554 0.954 36.570 0.178 0.939 45 99.81 0.972 0.975 44.581 0.159 0.912 表 4 La-LBCZ的吸附热力学参数
Table 4. Adsorption thermodynamic parameters of La-LBCZ
温度/℃ lnK ΔG/(kJ·mol−1) ΔH/(kJ·mol−1) ΔS/(J·(mol·K)−1) 15 1.31 -3.25 22.21 85.43 30 1.74 -4.53 45 2.13 -5.81 表 5 La-LBCZ的BET分析
Table 5. BET analysis of La-LBCZ
样品 总比表面积/(m²·g−1) 总容积/(cm³·g−1) 介孔容积/(cm³·g−1) 平均孔径/nm LBCZ 287.88 0.25 0.22 4.84 LBCZ-P 270.65 0.22 0.21 4.77 La-LBCZ 148.32 0.31 0.28 11.10 La-LBCZ-P 116.32 0.24 0.22 9.67 -
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