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磷是地球生态构成的关键基础元素,过量输入时会导致水体富营养化等问题[1]。已有研究表明,人类活动与磷污染密切相关,其中,磷化工三废处置不当是重要驱动力[2-3]。作为磷酸工业的主要副产物,磷石膏因产量大、利用率低被大量堆存处置。在缺乏规范管理的长期堆放过程中,磷石膏中的毒性成分 (可溶性F、P2O5、Cr、Pb等) 可随雨水淋滤下渗,污染库区周边土壤及水体[4-6]。目前磷石膏堆场渗漏污染问题已相当严峻,为高效修复治理污染,需要准确判断出污染程度及范围。因此选取一种便捷的方式监控堆场渗滤液污染过程,圈定污染边界以便进行针对治理是关乎磷化工产业可持续发展的重要课题。
目前常用的渗滤液污染监测方法有地下水监测井法、示踪剂法、取样分析法、电阻率法等 [7-8]。对于地下水监测井法、取样分析法,其能直观反映出场地的污染物类别及污染程度,但观测缺乏连续性,且难以确定漏点及扩散范围大小。示踪剂法仅可定性判断渗漏方位,无法对优势渗流通道边界进行识别,使用不当易造成二次污染。基于渗漏体与周围介质的电学性质差异,电阻率法可以高效、无损地获取污染场地的电阻率信息,进而推测渗漏体空间分布[9-10]。目前已有学者开展了相关方面的研究,如BALBARINI等[11]在制药废渣填埋场开展了高密度电法 (Electrical Resistivity Tomography, ERT) 监测实验,并通过取样分析对比得出,在化学采样点不足的情况下,ERT结果相对更精准。CATERINA等[12]对地下柴油泄露修复场地进行3年的ERT监测实验,得出该方法更适用于长期监测污染羽流。潘玉英等[13]借助ERT监测模型箱内原油运移及重分布过程,结果表明电阻率反演图像可以反映原油受污染后的运移情况。吕美彤等[14]对固化重金属污染土电阻率进行研究,得出电阻率值与固化土碳化时间存在较好的一致性,随着碳化过程进行,污染土的电阻率值不断增加。李培华等[15]联合图像法与ERT对二维砂箱模型中重非水相液体 (DNAPL) 污染运移过程进行监测,所拍摄实际污染区域图像与电阻率反演结果吻合,证实了电阻率法的准确性。HELENE等[16]在垃圾填埋场开展了ERT监测试验,其二维反演图像清晰反映了电阻率随渗漏时间的变化过程,且渗滤液渗透区域与低阻剖面吻合度较高。以上研究分别从污染物电性特征、物理模拟、污染场地监测等方面进行深入分析,探讨了不同种类污染物的电阻率特性及电法污染监测的应用可能,有力推动了电阻率法在污染调查领域的发展应用。
然而,现阶段针对电阻率法在磷石膏堆场渗漏监测的系统研究相对较少,特别是结合表层单点渗漏与岩溶管道多点渗漏情况的深入研究。在西南喀斯特地区,碳酸盐岩广泛分布,但成土过程缓慢导致土层较薄,渗滤液极易溶穿碳酸盐岩地层进入岩溶管道,并在快速运移过程中污染地下水,造成更大范围的污染 [17-18]。基于此,本研究拟首先在改变浓度条件下对滤液及其污染土样进行电阻率测试,讨论稀释过程的电阻率变化规律。之后,针对喀斯特地区常见的2种污染模式依次开展渗滤液表层单点渗漏、内部管道多点渗漏物理模拟监测实验,通过分析电阻率剖面及切片,总结渗滤液在不同渗漏模式下的运移特征,并对比相同实验条件下岩溶水的渗漏过程。最终,利用场地实验,拟验证电阻率法在磷石膏堆场渗漏监测的应用效果。
磷石膏渗滤液在不同渗漏运移模式下电阻率分布特征
Resistivity of phosphogypsum leachate under different leakag-e migration modes
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摘要: 为评估电阻率法监测磷石膏堆场渗滤液运移过程的有效性,首先采用自制电阻率四极装置测试渗滤液污染土的电性特征,随后针对表层单点渗漏、内部岩溶管道多点渗漏2种模型开展不同时段渗滤液运移监测物理模拟实验,并加入岩溶水进行空白对照实验。结果表明,渗滤液及其污染土电阻率随渗滤液浓度增加呈递减趋势,且低浓度区间变化更为剧烈;在表层单点入渗过程中,渗滤液主要进行横向运移,并逐步形成漏斗状渗漏形态,而管道渗漏模式下渗滤液以四周扩散方式运移;加入岩溶水后,借助电阻率差异能够区分相同含水率下的污染区与未污染区;最后借助一种常用的电阻率法——高密度电法 (ERT) 对贵州省某磷石膏堆场进行实测,得到的低阻体范围与堆场位置存在较好对应关系,验证了前述实验结果。电阻率法可用于监测磷石膏堆场渗滤液在地表及地下管道内的渗漏过程及污染分布。Abstract: In order to evaluate the effectiveness of resistivity method in monitoring the migration process of leachate in phosphogypsum yard, a self-made resistivity quadrupole device was used to test the electrical characteristics of leachate-contaminated soil. Then, physical simulation experiments of leachate migration monitoring in different periods were carried out for two models: single point leakage of soil surface and multi-point leakage of karst pipeline, and karst water was added for blank control experiment. The results showed that the resistivity of leachate and its contaminated soil decreased with the increase of leachate concentration, and the change was more intense in the low concentration range. In the process of surface single point infiltration, the leachate mainly migrated horizontally and gradually formed a funnel-shaped leakage pattern, while the leachate migrated in a peripheral diffusion mode under the pipeline leakage mode. After adding karst water, the polluted area and unpolluted area under the same water content could be distinguished by resistivity difference. Finally, a common resistivity method, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was used to measure a phosphogypsum yard in Guizhou Province. The range of low resistivity body obtained had a good correspondence with the location of the yard, which verified the above experimental results. The study showed that the resistivity method can be used to monitor the leakage process and pollution distribution of leachate in phosphogypsum yard.
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表 1 实验土样基本物性参数
Table 1. Basic physical parameters of experimental soil samples
塑性指数 液性指数 土样天然密度 土粒相对密度 土壤最大干密度 20.9 0.29 1.86 g∙cm-3 2.74 g∙cm-3 1.9 cm3 表 2 堆场污染物浓度分析
Table 2. Analysis of pollutant concentration in storage yard
取样位置 堆场
监测井1堆场
监测井2堆场外充
水落水洞堆场外
河流上游总磷/ (mg∙L−1) 6.53 1.23 <0.02 <0.02 氟化物/ (mg∙L−1) 4.8 0.79 <0.1 <0.1 -
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