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人工湿地技术是通过过滤、吸附、沉淀、植物吸收和生物降解等过程,实现对城市生活污水的高效处理,其建设成本和能耗较低,环境美化效果好[1]。人工湿地中所含大量的养分负荷会刺激微生物生长代谢。与天然湿地相比,温室气体CH4[2]、N2O和CO2[3]的排放通量更高,因此,亟需探究如何规模化实现该工艺的温室气体减排。
人工湿地实现污染物去除的主要部分为基质填料。填料材料通过物理、化学和生物的作用完成对污染物的去除。由于单一基质类型的人工湿地无法同时达到高效脱氮、除碳的目的[4]。组合填料所发挥的协同作用可高效去除污水中的多种污染物质[5],已被越来越多地运用到人工湿地中。然而,在实际运用中,组合填料的种类、填充方式、孔径和含碳量等条件均会影响湿地系统的复氧能力及微生物的代谢活动,从而间接影响系统污染物的去除能力[5]。
SHEN等[6]研究铁碳微电解填料时发现,以铁为阳极、碳为阴极会形成大量微观原电池,可将NO3−/NO2−直接还原为N2,因此,铁碳含量改变会影响NO3−/NO2−还原为N2过程的进行,进而影响N2O的排放。 WANG[7]等发现沸石具备良好的吸附功能,具有与普通材料相似的均一孔隙,故其性质与分子筛类物质相似,选择吸附性能优异。该材料可有效吸附系统产生的CH4,当沸石占比增大时,可能更加有利于减少CH4的减排。赵仲婧等[1]发现,采用铁碳和沸石作为基质组合填料的间歇曝气人工湿地系统可明显提高污水处理效率和温室气体减排效果。铁碳微电解材料与沸石的粒径、孔隙度均不相同,因此,当二者间填充顺序不同时,可通过影响溶解氧 (dissolved oxygen,DO) 环境来构成不同微生物群落结构,优化硝化、反硝化过程,以降低温室气体排放量。
基于此,本研究以铁碳和沸石组合填料为研究对象,通过改变二者的填充顺序和填充配比,探究基质填充方式对人工湿地对污染物去除过程中温室气体减排效果的影响,以期为实现人工湿地技术的减污降碳目标提供参考。
基质中铁碳-沸石填充方式对人工湿地温室气体排放的影响
Influence of substrate filling method and volume ratio on greenhouse gases emissions from iron carbon-zeolite constructed wetlands
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摘要: 人工湿地在污水治理中已获得广泛应用,但其温室气体排放通量是自然湿地的 2~10倍,对人工湿地温室气体的减排已是亟待解决的问题。通过在温室构建潜流人工湿地系统装置,均为间歇曝气,设立不同填料的填充配比和填充顺序,分别为:添加20%铁碳+80%沸石 (其中铁碳在上层沸石在下层记为T2F8,铁碳在下层沸石在上层记为F8T2,下同) 、40%铁碳+60%沸石 (记为T4F6和F6T4) 、60%铁碳+40%沸石 (记为T6F4和F4T6) 、以添加100%沸石为对照组 (F) ,探究了基质的填充方式对人工湿地系统中温室气体排放的影响。结果表明,与铁碳填充在表层的湿地组1 (T2F8、T4F6、T6F4) 相比,铁碳填充在底层的湿地组2 (F8T2、F6T4、F4T6) 均显著实现了人工湿地中CH4、N2O的减排 (P<0.05) ;同时,铁碳-沸石体积比对CH4、N2O减排效果影响显著,且铁碳占比越低CH4和N2O排放越少 (P<0.05) ;典型周期中曝气段出现CH4和N2O排放峰值,湿地F8T2的排放峰值均显著低于其他湿地 (P<0.05) ,其综合GWP最大减排值达到75.82%。铁碳填充在底层及铁碳-沸石体积比为2:8铁碳-沸石人工湿地 (F8T2) 的综合GWP最低,温室气体的减排效果最好。本研究结果可为人工湿地温室气体减排的实践提供参考。
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关键词:
- 铁碳-沸石基质填充方式 /
- 人工湿地 /
- 甲烷 /
- 氧化亚氮
Abstract: Constructed wetlands have been widely used in wastewater treatment, but the greenhouse gas flux from constructed wetlands is two to ten times higher than that from natural wetlands, so there is an urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from constructed wetlands. In this study, a submerged wetland system was constructed in a greenhouse with different filler ratios and filling sequences: 20% Fe carbon filler+80% zeolite filler+intermittent aeration (where Fe carbon in the upper zeolite layer is denoted as T2F8 and Fe carbon in the lower zeolite layer is denoted as F8T2, hereinafter), 40% Fe carbon filler+60% zeolite filler+intermittent aeration (denoted as T4F6 and F6T4), 60% FeC filler+40% zeolite filler+intermittent aeration (denoted as T6F4 and F4T6), and 100% zeolite filler+intermittent aeration as the control group (F), to investigate the effect of substrate filling method on greenhouse gas emissions in the constructed wetland system. The results showed that compared with the iron carbon filled wetland group 1 (T2F8, T4F6, T6F4), the iron carbon filled wetland group 2 (F8T2, F6T4, F4T6) significantly reduced the CH4 and N2O emissions in the constructed wetland (P<0.05). The lower the proportion of iron carbon, the lower the CH4 and N2O emission (P<0.05); the peak of CH4 and N2O emission in the aeration section in a typical cycle, the peak of emission in wetland F8T2 is significantly lower than other wetlands (P<0.05), and the maximum reduction of its integrated GWP reaches 75.82%. In total, the FeC-filled substrate and the FeC-zeolite constructed wetland with a 2:8 FeC-zeolite volume ratio (F8T2) had the lowest integrated GWP and the best GHG reduction.-
Key words:
- greenhouse gases /
- constructed wetlands /
- methane /
- nitrous oxide
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表 1 不同湿地组各月份的CH4平均排放通量
Table 1. Average CH4 emission fluxes of constructed wetlands in different treatments by month
mg·(m2·h)−1 湿地组别 填充方式 5月 6月 7月 月平均值 1 T2F8 0.362±0.028 0.298±0.031 0.277±0.042 0.31±0.03 1 T4F6 0.647±0.015 0.454±0.028 0.203±0.041 0.44±0.03 1 T6F4 0.917±0.015 0.873±0.024 0.570±0.018 0.79±0.02 2 F8T2 0.154±0.014 0.257±0.021 0.251±0.035 0.22±0.02 2 F6T4 0.242±0.116 0.366±0.025 0.181±0.013 0.26±0.05 2 F4T6 0.613±0.021 0.537±0.051 0.396±0.045 0.52±0.04 对照组 F 0.407±0.018 0.260±0.024 0.320±0.016 0.33±0.02 表 2 不同湿地组各月份的NO2平均排放通量
Table 2. Average NO2 emission fluxes of artificial wetlands in different treatments for each month μg·(m2·h)−1
湿地组别 填充方式 5月 6月 7月 月平均值 1 T2F8 467.26±66.43 216.95±104.5 264.67±126.3 316.29±99.08 1 T4F6 73.41±13.2 226.10±53.2 154.18±74.2 367.90±46.87 1 T6F4 931.50±65.7 293.18±53.2 365.01±95.2 529.90±71.37 2 F8T2 215.69±105 187.03±32.4 98.08±14.6 166.93±50.67 2 F6T4 412.80±65.4 133.12±33.4 121.67±27.3 222.53±42.03 2 F4T6 898.87±47.3 265.36±125.4 355.37±153.2 506.53±108.63 对照组 F 1047.48±68.2 508.14±107.9 398.91±89.5 651.51±88.53 表 3 典型周期内不同湿地组 累计排放量
Table 3. Cumulative NO2 emissions from different wetland groups in a typical cycle μg·m−2
湿地组别 填充方式 NO2累计排放量 1 T2F8 57.70±5.38 1 T4F6 59.89±7.55 1 T6F4 67.39±12.17 2 F8T2 32.45±2.71 2 F6T4 40.22±3.69 2 F4T6 38.85±4.31 对照组 F 100.04±18.84 表 4 典型周期内人工湿地CH4及N2O的排放量及综合GWP
Table 4. CH4 and N2O emissions and integrated GWP in the typical cycle
湿地组名称 填充方式 CH4/(mg·m−2) GWP-CH4/(g·m−2) N2O/(mg·m−2) GWP-N2O/(g·m−2) GWP (CH4+N2O) /(g·m−2) 1 T2F8 155.44±0.76d 5.28±0.03 99.05±3.27d 29.52±0.09 34.80±2.71 2 F8T2 101.95±0.53f 3.47±0.02 45.21±1.35f 13.47±0.04 16.94±1.45f 1 T4F6 164.73±0.87d 5.60±0.03 150.88±3.68c 44.96±0.11 50.56±3.04c 2 F6T4 150.06±0.85ed 5.10±0.03 67.11±2.93e 20.00±0.08 25.10±2.14ed 1 T6F4 440.05±0.97b 14.96±0.04 188.81±6.37b 55.87±0.19 71.23±2.46b 2 F4T6 271.25±0.75c 9.22±0.02 71.20±4.83e 21.22±0.14 30.44±2.95d 对照 F 559.41±1.09a 19.02±0.04 213.66±7.21a 63.67±0.21 82.69±3.17a 注:各种温室气体的GWP以CO2当量 (CO2−eq) 计。 -
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