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河流上覆水中的重金属可以通过沉淀、吸附、络合等作用,在河床表层底泥中富集[1-2]。当水体条件发生改变时,底泥中的重金属会通过氧化还原、溶解、解吸等作用,从河床表层底泥中释放,造成上覆水体的污染[3-4]。国内外普遍使用疏浚治理河湖底泥,但是疏浚工程会产生大量含有重金属的疏浚底泥,疏浚底泥含水率高、热值低,不适合传统焚烧方法处理[5-6]。近年来,稳定化技术被用于重金属废水、污染土壤等治理工作,通过加入药剂使沉积物中重金属发生物理化学反应,从而降低重金属的溶解性和迁移性,以达到良好的稳定化效果[7]。传统的稳定化药剂采用水泥、磷灰石等化学药剂,但存在处理后土壤板结、增容等缺点[8]。因此,本研究拟采用壳聚糖、膨润土、生物炭等天然材料,开发处理效果好、价廉易得的重金属稳定剂。
壳聚糖 (CTS) 是第二大天然线性化合物,具有无毒、无害、生物可降解性以及能通过自身丰富的基团络合重金属等特性,是一种良好的吸附重金属的材料[9]。宋俊颖等[10]利用CTS处理重金属污染土壤,当CTS投加量为7%时,铜离子的稳定化率达到92.36%。YAN等[11]利用CTS处理Cr和Hg复合型重金属污染的土壤,7 d后,土壤中有效态重金属的含量降低明显且残渣态含量升高。我国膨润土矿产资源丰富,价格低廉,具有较大的表面积、良好的吸附性、离子交换性和黏结性等优势,在底泥重金属稳定化技术中广泛应用[12]。杨秀敏等[13]通过等温吸附实验,研究了钠基膨润土对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附情况,发现钠基膨润土 (NaBent) 对3种金属具有良好的吸附能力,能够降低土壤中有效型重金属的含量。这2种材料在我国产量大且易得,因此,可以使用CTS对NaBent进行改性,得到一种处理底泥重金属能力更高的复合型稳定剂。
本研究采用壳聚糖改性钠基膨润土稳定剂 (NaBent-CTS) 对底泥中的Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+进行单一和复合的重金属稳定化实验,通过改变稳定剂投加量、底泥pH和底泥液固比寻求稳定重金属的最佳工况点;通过毒性特征沥滤方法 (TCLP) 进行重金属浸取,以重金属稳定化率作为处理效果的重要指标,探究实验条件的改变对重金属稳定化效果的影响以及重金属之间存在的竞争吸附关系,旨在为温瑞塘河底泥重金属稳定化处理提供相关的研究基础。
壳聚糖改性钠基膨润土稳定剂对重金属污染底泥的处理
Treatment of heavy metal polluted sediment with chitosan modified Na-bentonite stabilizer
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摘要: 为有效处理重金属污染的疏浚底泥并验证重金属稳定剂的稳定性,采用重金属稳定化的方法,以Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+单一和复合重金属污染的疏浚底泥为研究对象,以壳聚糖改性后的钠基膨润土为稳定剂,在不同稳定剂投加量、pH和液固比的条件下,对污染底泥进行稳定化处理,并采用毒性特征沥滤方法 (TCLP) 和BCR连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析与评价。结果表明:经过壳聚糖改性后的钠基膨润土稳定重金属的能力显著提高,在投加量为5%时,对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+单一重金属污染底泥便可达到较高的稳定化率;聚糖改性钠基膨润土稳定剂 (NaBent-CTS) 处理Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+单一重金属污染底泥的最佳投加量为5%~7%,pH为6~7,液固比为1.3:1~1.7:1;NaBent-CTS处理Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+复合重金属污染底泥的最佳投加量为5%、pH为7、液固比为1.5:1,稳定化率分别达到75.95%、73.71%和59.00%;NaBent-CTS处理复合重金属污染底泥时重金属存在竞争吸附,由强到弱排列顺序为Cu2+>Zn2+>Cd2+;经NaBent-CTS稳定化处理14 d后,可氧化态和残渣态占比显著提高,稳定性能佳。NaBent-CTS对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+单一和复合重金属污染底泥具有较好的稳定效果。该研究结果可为重金属污染疏浚底泥的稳定化处理提供相关参考。Abstract: In order to effectively treat the dredged sediment polluted by heavy metals and verify the stability of heavy metal stabilizer, a type of heavy metal stabilization method with the stabilizer of the Na-bentonite modified by chitosan was adopted, the dredged sediment polluted by single and complex heavy metals Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ was taken as the research object to perform the stabilizing treatment under the conditions of different stabilizer dosage, pH and liquid-solid ratio. Toxicity characteristic leaching method (TCLP) and BCR continuous extraction method were used to analyze and evaluate the stabilization effect. The results showed that the ability of Na-bentonite modified by chitosan to stabilize heavy metals increased significantly. When the dosage of sodium bentonite modified by chitosan was 5%, the sediment contaminated by single heavy metal of Cu2+, Zn2+ or Cd2+ could reach a high stabilization rate. The optimal dosage of Na-bentonite stabilizer (NaBent-CTS) treating contaminated sediments by Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ alone was 5%~7%, pH was 6~7 and the liquid-to-solid ratio was 1.3:1~1.7:1. The optimal dosage of NaBent-CTS treating contaminated sediment by Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ composite heavy metals was 5%, pH was 7 and liquid-to-solid ratio was 1.5:1, and the stabilization rates were 75.95%, 73.71% and 59.00%, respectively. The competitive adsorption of heavy metals occurred in NaBent-CTS treatment process, and the corresponding competitive order from strong to weak was Cu2+>Zn2+>Cd2+. After 14 days of NaBent-CTS stabilization treatment, the proportions of oxidizable state and residue state for heavy metals increased significantly, and heavy metal stability was good. NaBent-CTS has good stabilization effects on sediment polluted by single and complex heavy metals of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+. The results can provide a relevant reference for the stabilization treatment of dredged sediment polluted by heavy metals.
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Key words:
- chitosan /
- Na-bentonite /
- stabilizer /
- heavy metals /
- sediment
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表 1 实验药剂信息
Table 1. Information of experimental agents
序号 名称 种类 化学式 纯度 稳定机理 厂家 1 CTS 有机 (C6H11NO4)N 化学纯 羟基、氨基等高分子基团与重金属离子螯合配位 Adamas 2 NaBent 无机 Nax(H2O)4(Al2-xMg0.83) (Si4O10) (OH)2 分析纯 Na+、Al2+、Mg2+等离子与重金属离子发生离子交换反应 Adamas -
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